Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
The results obtained form source apportionment provide valuable information to
set up cost-effective and efficient mitigation options which are especially of
relevance for agglomeration areas. Most prominently, low emission zones have
been introduced in many cities and conurbations. The effectiveness of this measure
has been proven by significant decrease of black carbon (soot) concentrations;
however, it does not affect non-exhaust traffic emissions, thus being less impressing
when looking at its effect on PM10 levels [
80
].
Since regulations and limit values target mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5
these metrics were in the focus of most source apportionment studies and mitigation
actions. However, epidemiological and toxicological results indicate that ultra-fine
aerosol particles (UFP) with low contribution to PM mass but high number
concentrations might cause particular adverse health effects [
81
,
82
]. Similarly,
elemental carbon/black carbon concentration has been proposed as a target metric
that exhibits stronger health effects than total PM mass [
83
]. Therefore, reduction of
UFP and EC/BC levels might offer a high potential to improve the air quality in
European cities with regard to negative health effects, probably being more efficient
than only pure PM mass-related actions. In Germany, as in some other European
countries, a (research oriented) monitoring network for ultrafine particles [
84
]has
already been established.
References
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}
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