Use of Fungal Laccases and Peroxidases for Enzymatic Treatment of Wastewater Containing Synthetic Dyes - Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater - page 207

Figure 6.1 Anthraquinone dyes evaluated for fungal and enzymatic treatment.
activated under alkaline conditions and attached to the hydroxyl group
of cellulose and form a covalent bond [1]. However, activated vinyl sul-
fone (R-SO 2 -CH=CH 2 ) group undergoes hydrolysis with water, which
results in discharging the hydrolyzed byproducts into the wastewater [19].
Depending on the fixation efficiency, as much as 50% of reactive dyes can
be lost in the effluent [20]. Similar levels of loss of other types of dyes, such
as direct and acid dyes, also occur and are inevitable.