Use of Fungal Laccases and Peroxidases for Enzymatic Treatment of Wastewater Containing Synthetic Dyes - Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater - page 208

Table 6.1 Examples of common chromophores in synthetic textile dyes [1].

Chemical Class Base Structure Examples

Anthraquionone Reactive Blue 19 (Remazol

Brilliant Blue R), Acid
Blue 225, Poly R-478

Azo Acid Orange 7 (Orange II), Acid

Orange 10 (Orange G), Acid
Red 2

Heterocyclic
(Phenothiazine)

Basic Blue 9 (methylene blue),
azure B

Indigoid Acid Blue 74 (Indigo Carmine)

Phthalocyanine Pigment Blue 15:2

(Phthalocyanine Blue BN),
Reactive Blue 15

Triarylmethane Basic Violet 3 (Crystal Violet),

Basic Red 9, bromophenol blue

6.2.3 Environmental Impacts

Owing to their complex chemical structures, synthetic dyes are often recal-
citrant and very difficult to be decomposed or removed by conventional
wastewater treatment processes, as well as in the aquatic environment [1].
In fact, these synthetic dyes are created as improved alternatives to natural
dyes with longer lasting color and wider applicability to a variety of con-
sumer products. Therefore, these compounds are chemically very stable by