Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Anaerobic spore
forming
Bacteria
Birds, mammals and
livestock
Ingestion of spores through environ-
mental routes, water, soil and feeds.
This has been associated with out-
breaks of anthrax in livestock and wild
animals, blackleg (
Clostridium chau-
voei
) in cattle and botulism in wild
birds after droughts. The meat and
milk from cattle that have botulism
should not be used for human con-
sumption.
Yersinia
Birds and rodents with re-
gional differences in the
species of animal, infected.
Pigs are a major livestock
reservoir
Handling pigs at slaughter is a risk to
humans
Listeria
monocytogenes
Livestock
In the northern hemisphere, listerio-
sis has a distinct seasonal occurrence
in livestock probably associated with
feeding of silage
Leptospirosis
All farm animal species
Leptospirae shed in urine to contami-
nate pasture, drinking water and feed
Transmission of Protozoas
Protozoan
Host
Mode of transmission
Toxoplasma gondii
Cats, pigs,
sheep
Cat feces are a major source of infection. Han-
dling and consuming raw meat from infected
sheep and pigs pose a zoonotic risk
Cyptosporidium
and
Giardia
Cattle, sheep
Faecal-oral transmission. (Oo)cysts are highly
infectious and with high loadings, livestock
feces pose a risk to animal handlers
Transmission of parasites
Parasite
Host
Mode of transmission
Tapeworm (
Cysticercusbovis
)
Cattle
Faecal-oral
Liver fluke (
Fasciola hepatica
)
Sheep, cattle
Eggs are excreted in feces, and life
cycle involves lymnaeid snail hosts.
Human cases generally associated
with the ingestion of marsh plants
such as watercress
