Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
18.2
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ZOONOTIC DISEASE
Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to people in a number of
ways. Some diseases are acquired by people through direct contact with
infected animals or animal products and wastes. Other zoonoses are trans-
mitted by vectors; while others are transmitted through the consumption
of contaminated food or water (Table 18.1). The proliferation of zoonoses
and other animal diseases may result in an increased use of veterinary
drugs that could lead to increased and possibly unacceptable levels of vet-
erinary drugs in foods (FAO, 2008b).
TABLE 18.1 Examples of Some Zoonotic Agents That Are Expected to be Affected by
Climate Change and Their Mode of Transmission
Virus
Host
Mode of transmission to humans
Rift Valley fever
Virus
Multiple species of
livestock and wildlife
Blood or organs of infected animals (han-
dling of animal tissue), unpasteurized or un-
cooked milk of infected animals, mosquito,
hematophagous flies
Nipah virus
Bats, and pigs
Directly from bats to humans through food in
the consumption of date palm sap (Luby et
al., 2006). Infected pigs present a serious risk
to farmers and abattoir workers
Hendra virus
Bats, and horse
Secretions from infected horses
Rotavirus
Humans
Faecal-oral route, spread through contaminat-
ed water and also by infected food-handlers
who do not wash their hands properly.
Hepatitis E virus
Wild and domestic
Animals
Faecal-oral.pig manure is a possible source
through contamination of irrigation water and
shellfish in coastal waters
Transmission of Bacteria
Bacterium
Host
Mode of transmission
Salmonella
Poultry and pigs
Faecal/oral
Campylobacter
Poultry
Faecal/oral
E. coli O157
Cattle and other ruminants
Faecal/oral
 
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