Demand and Supply of Transport Connections for Commuting in the Czech Republic - Geoinformatics for Intelligent Transportation - page 134

more attractive. The modal split is related to numerous relevant more or less success
factors, ranging from individual mode choice, which in turn depends on individual
and mode characteristics, to land use and population density. But two of them are
considered as the most important

the travel time and the level of variability of
travel time [ 1 ]. Unlike price and other factors, time spent on travelling is an
absolute constraint which cannot be increased in

—

nitely [ 2 , 3 ]. Particularly in case
of regular short-distance trips, i.e. commuting to work, the commuter s behaviour

minimises the economical and time costs needed for the trip. The preference of one
of these two aspects

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— price and time — is crucial for the nal transport mode

selection.
It is not just about the time of transport (in-vehicle time), but also about the time
for journey preparation (varying according to its length, purpose and frequency),
walking to public transport stop, waiting for the vehicle (positive in

uence of
regular time schedule), time for eventual vehicle changes and waiting for follow-up
connection, walking to the

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final destination from stop. All of these parts create the
out-vehicle time [ 3 ]. The same situation is valid also for the journey back to home
after the end of the work-shift. Additionally the passengers are more sensitive to
out-of-vehicle times than in-vehicle time (in range 1.5

2.3 times more). Particular
phases of out-of-vehicle times are quite variable. The walking and waiting time is
perceived mostly negatively (except very long journeys) and in case of commuting
using public transport the walking times can make up 24 - 30 % the time of the
whole journey (averagely 800 m) in the Czech Republic compared to individual car
transport with distance about 50/160 m in rural/urban environment. All of out-
vehicle time parts are generally more time consuming in case of mass public
transport. Not only that out-vehicle and in-vehicle time is perceived differently, but
also generally the time is perceived differently, and each individual has its own
travel time budget. Its size is derived from how time is valued, which is in turn
related to wages [ 4 ]. From the time point of view, it can be assumed that public
transport is preferred if the in-vehicle and out-vehicle time of commuting meets the
needs of the commuter, otherwise commuter must rely on individual transport.
This general modal split based only on travel time is further in

-

uenced by price
of travel. The individual car transport is more monetary expensive than the com-
muting by public transport. Each individual has also own money budget, similarly
as in case of time. If the prize exceeds the individual

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s budget, commuter has the
only possibility to use public transport even the commuting time is partly over the
time budget. In the worst case, the people cannot commute at all and either they
have to move closer or to prefer a job in better accessible areas. For regular
travelling between two places, public transport providers offer cheaper seasonal
ticket in order to increase the share of public transport in commuting trips to work
[ 4 ]. The owning such seasonal ticket increases the probability that an individual will
use public transport and create larger resistivity to new cheaper opportunities (such
as ridesharing with colleague, purchase of a new car). On the other hand, White [ 5 ]

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