Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
In recent years, multifunctional albumin-based molecular probes emerges as
a novel nanoplatform for their applications in cancer molecular imaging, such as
PET/SPECT, MRI and optical imaging (Yang 2012). A HSA coated MnO NPs were
developed as a potential MRI contrasting agent with prominent MRI T1 contrast for
tumor imaging in a U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model. Furthermore,
64
Cu radi-
oisotope coupled NPs were used to perform PET/MRI dual imaging in a U87MG
xenograft model. Good tumor accumulation were observed in both cases. Moreover,
protein coating enhanced the tumor targeting and ligand binding capacity making
them a potential theranostic nanoplatform (Huang et al. 2010). Similarly, Xie et al.
(2009) developed a novel biocompatible dopamine conjugated HSA coated IONPs
for efficient labeling of various types of cell lines in vitro and in vivo MR imaging
on xenograft and focal cerebral ischemia models showing better T2 contrast.
A novel tumor targeted imaging probe had been developed based on Fab con-
jugate HSA NPs. AB.Fab4D5, a bifunctional molecule derived from trastuzumab
(Her) was used to investigate the biodistribution and tumor deposition of a Fab con-
jugated albumin NPs, it bind simultaneously with albumin and tumor antigen HER2
(erbB2) and target tumors overexpressing HER2 in mouse mammary tumor virus/
HER2 allograft models. AB.Fab4D5 targeted tumors more rapidly and quickly
cleared from blood, leading to a lower exposure time to normal tissue making them
a potential agent for imaging and cancer therapy (Dennis et al. 2007). Furthermore,
Alexander et al. (2012), developed a effective diagnostic probe for the detection of
peritoneal ovarian cancer metastases (POCM) by using galactosyl HSA (hGSA)-
fluorophore pairs, that specifically target lectin receptors expressed on POCM. The
NIR-activatable hGSA fluorophore were prepared by using bacteriochlorin-based
dye, NMP1 that have two unique absorption peaks, one in the NIR range and the
other in the green range. The probe were easily detectable in vitro, SHIN3 cells and
in vivo in mice. A novel non-toxic targeted hGSA with optical imaging probe was
developed for improved peritoneal implants detection by targeting the
ʲ
-D-galactose
receptors, which are highly expressed on surface of wide variety of cancerous cell
including the ovary, pancreas, colon, and stomach cancers (Regino et al. 2010).
NIR fluorescence imaging techniques emerged as a potential tool for early
detection of cancer because of the negligible absorption or autofluorescence
of water and other intrinsic biomolecules in this region. Recently, NIR fluores-
cent albumin NPs were engineered as a diagnostic tool for detection of colon can-
cer. HSA were conjugated with carboxylic acid derivative of the NIR dye IR-783
(CANIR). Moreover, the surface carboxylate groups of the albumin NPs were
covalently conjugated with tumor-targeting ligands, such as anti-carcinoembry-
onic antigen antibodies (anti-CEA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and tumor associ-
ated glycoprotein-72 monoclonal antibodies (anti-TAG-72). Site specific tumor
detection was successfully demonstrated in a mouse model for PNA, anti-CEA
and anti-TAG-72 conjugated NIR fluorescent HSA NPs. In nearby future such
targeted fluorescent carrier emerge as a theranostic platform for the both detec-
tion as well as therapy of colon cancer and others (Cohen et al. 2012). Previously,
Chen et al. (2009) also prepared a tumor targeted cyclic arginine-glycine-aspar-
tate (RGD) peptides and an organic dye (IRDye800 or Cy5.5) conjugated HSA
NPs for in vitro cell staining, in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging,
