Environmental Engineering Reference
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10.3
Fundamental disciplines of process analytical chemistry.
reference laboratory and into the process line itself. This can be considered
as a change of paradigm (Junker and Wang, 2006).
10.3.4 Handling of complex and multiple data sets
Multivariate data analysis programs and process analytical equipment such
as fibre optics and spectrophotometers at cost-efficient levels now allow for
at-line and on-line techniques to enter the market for process monitoring
and control in industries like biorefineries and biogas plants. The process
analytical chemistry (PAC) approach, measuring on-line TS, VS, VFA and
pH among other parameters, offers many advantages over traditional
process characterisation. It is essential that the plant operator can read the
state of the process continuously and launch correcting countermeasures as
soon as possible, fully automatically in the future. It is important to move
this step forward in the early stages of understanding biological processes
and not to rely only on accumulated human-operator experience. PAC is
based on three fundamental disciplines, as illustrated in Fig. 10.3 -
representative sampling, process sensor technology and multivariate data
analysis.
PAT implementation is multidisciplinary in its approach; fundamental
understanding of correct sampling is one of the basic pathways not yet fully
understood and integrated in various fermentation industries. Other central
challenges for the successful development of on-line process monitoring of
advanced biological processes involve the right choice of sensor technolo-
gies, reference analysis, multivariate data analysis (see Section 10.3.7),
spanning of data, and model development and maintenance (Bakeev, 2010).
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