Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
2003). A colorless water through scattering looks white when flowing on
mountainous landform as a stream, while a wet soil could allow light to
pass through it facilitating phototrophic microorganisms to grow (Mishra,
1996). Hence, a systematic yardstick needs to be developed through inte-
grated knowledge kits.
8.2.3 CHEMICAL SPECTRUM
As per report, there was perhaps no atmosphere with the origin of earth.
However, the earth's primitive atmosphere was different in composition
from that of today (Bohn et al., 1985). The trend of such change in at-
mospheric composition is obvious. Challenges in climate change are the
consequences of atmospheric modification and it seems to be natural.
Such changes may be or may not be congenial to the survival of lives
on the earth. The magnitude and the rate of such change may be affected
directly by planetary physical and nuclear spectra. The exosphere above
ionosphere is a huge chemical laboratory due to energy-energy and ener-
gy-matter interactions. The maximum concentration of ozone is captured
in stratosphere, which is sensitive to photochemical reactions. The tropo-
sphere or even surface soil is very sensitive to energy interaction. Chemical
and biochemical changes are taking place in permutation and combination
depending on associated environment. Green house gas emission for CO
2
,
N
2
O and CH
4
are some other contributions of chemical spectrum. The in-
dustrial revolution in the 19th century, however, witnessed the large-scale
use of fossil fuels. Changes in the atmospheric chemical spectrum are re-
flected by and large on pedogenic behavior considerably too.
The greenhouse gases include those listed in the Kyoto Protocol viz.
CH
4
, nitrous oxide (N
2
O), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), perfluorocarbon
(PFC), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and those given in the Montreal Protocol
include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)
and others. The tropospheric O
3
is synthesized and transformed by pho-
tochemistry in the atmosphere. The volatile organic compounds (VOC)
like nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and oxygenated NMHC (alco-
hols, aldehydes and organic acids) affect the climate through production
of organic aerosols and their involvement in photochemistry (formation
of O
3
in presence of NOx and light. In the process of photosynthesis, for
example, carbon dioxide reacts with water in presence of sunlight to form
