Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
shows.the.previously.mentioned.variables.for.ion.beam.applications.(Ziegler.
et.al..2008),.and.an.additional.study.has.been.done.for.the.ion.therapy.(Ji.et.
al..2008)..That.is.to.say,.it.is.shown.that.if.a.small.number.of.heavy.ions.are.
mixed.with.light.ions,.the.heavy.ions.can.be.accelerated.to.the.same.velocity.
as.the.light.ions.so.that.they.gain.much.higher.energy.because.of.their.large.
mass.. A. quantum. mechanical. scenario. is. assumed. in. the. beam. injections..
The. charged. particle. application. in. radiation. therapy. has. been. focused. on.
either.neon.or.carbon.ion.beams.(Fuminori.2001)..The.irst.effective.proton.
treatment.was.done.by.R..Wilson.at.the.Harvard.Cyclotron.Laboratory.(HCL).
(Wilson.1946,.2004)..The.irst.ion.beam.application.in.medicine.was.done.by.
Bevalac.at.the.Lawrence.Berkeley.Laboratory.with.a.neon.beam.in.1975..The.
irst.carbon.beam.application.was.performed.by.the.heavy-ion.medical.accel-
erator.(HIMAC).at.Chiba,.Japan,.in.1994.where.the.project.was.proposed.in.
1979.at.the.High.LET.Radiotherapy.Division.in.the.U.S.-Japan.Cooperative.
Cancer.Research.Program.at.Kyoto,.Japan..In.this.study,.two.human.organs.
were.tested.using.proton.and.neon.beams..Section.7.2.explains.the.method.of.
the.study..The.results.for.the.simulation.are.shown.in.Section.7.4.and.Section.
7.5.describes.the.conclusions.of.the.study.
7.2 Method
Organ. material. is. exposed. to. heavy. mass. ions.. Ion. therapy. is. usually. per-
formed.at.high.doses.and.as.deep.in.the.organ.several.centimeters..It.is.nec-
essary.to.examine.how.the.ions.interact.with.the.organ.cells..Ion.energy.is.
the. most. important. factor. in. destruction. of. cancer. cells. in. organ. material..
The.SRIM.2008.code.is.used.to.quantify.proton.interaction.with.the.human.
organ.. The. code. includes. easy. and. tractable. calculations. that. produce. out-
put.data.concerning.stopping.power,.range,.and.straggling.distributions.for.
any. ion. at. a. designed. energy. and. elemental. target.. Elaborate. calculations.
include.objective.targets.with.complex.multilayer.conigurations..The.proton.
beam. is. widely. used. in. medical. therapy,. especially. in. radiation. oncology..
The.organs.used.in.this.study.are.pancreas.and.thyroid..Table 7.1.shows.the.
organ.compounds.and.the.densities.
Several. characteristics. of. the. proton. are. investigated.. The. well-known.
Bragg.peak.is.a.major.effect.in.ion.therapy,.and.was.discovered.by.Bragg.in.
1904.(Andrew.and.Herman.2004)..This.phenomenon.can.be.used.for.cancer.
therapy.by.which.it.concentrates.the.effect.of.light.ion.beams.on.the.tumor.
being.treated.by.only.slightly.affecting.normal.tissue..The.irst.patient.treat-
ment.occurred.a.decade.after.Wilson's.paper..Robert.Wilson,.who.had.been.
chief.of.the.cyclotron.team.on.the.Manhattan.project,.decided.as.many.other.
top. physicists. of. that. era. did. that. a. portion. of. his. future. work. be. directed.
to. the. beneit. of. mankind.. He. received. an. appointment. at. the. Department.
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