Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Mining,
Milling Refining,
Conversion
Safeguards
Safeguard
Intermediate Storage Conversion Enrichment
Fuel Fabrication
Long-Term Storage
Reprocessing,
Reactor
FIGURE 11.2
Coniguration. of. safeguards. in. the. nuclear. fuel. cycle.. Solid. line:. spent. fuel;. dotted. line:.
low-enrichment. fuel;. double. line:. yellow. cake. and. natural. uranium.. Adapted. from. IAEA.
(International.Atomic.Energy.Agency)..1981..
IAEA safeguards: An introduction
,.IAEA.Safeguards.
Information.Series.No..3..Vienna:.IAEA.
illustrates.the.low.of.nuclear.fuels.that.must.be.considered.in.coniguring.
safeguards. for. NPPs,. which. is. based. on. a. report. of. the. IAEA. (IAEA. 1981)..
The. elements. of. safeguard. monitoring. are. shown. in. Figure 11.3,. which. is.
also. modiied. from. a. report. of. the. IAEA. (IAEA. 1981).. The. simpliied. safe-
guard. coniguration. for. a. power. uprate. focuses. on. the. lows. of. spent. fuel.
and. low-enrichment. fuel. in. Figures 11.2. and. 11.3.. Safeguard. monitoring. is.
based.on.the.diversion.strategy.model..Figure 11.4.illustrates.the.diversion.
strategy. model,. which. is. also. based. on. a. report. of. the. IAEA. (IAEA. 1999)..
Each.step.is.related.to.the.concealment.of.dummy.substitutions,.which.are.
related.to.the.safeguard.measures..This.is.quantiied.as.the.safeguard.mea-
sures.factor.(SMF)..The.safeguard.measures.are.composed.of.core.discharge.
monitoring.(CDM).and.nondestructive.assay.(NDA).
Power. uprates. are. related. to. nuclear. fuels,. and. safeguard. monitoring. is.
important. for. NPPs.. In. addition,. the. nuclear. fuel. concentration. is. also. of.
importance.with.respect.to.safeguards..The.power.increase.is.a.higher.load.
to. the. turbine. that. generates. the. electricity.. The. containment. must. be. able.
to.withstand.the.increased.power.load,.which.could.impact.the.reactor.and.
lead.to.an.accident.
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