Environmental Engineering Reference
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26.5 nm, 65 nm, 22.3 nm and 28.4 nm, respectively, and were highly
active against
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Escherichia
coli
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Kaviya
et al.
[89] also reported the pro-
duction of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by using peel extract of
Citrus sinensis
as reducing and capping agent. Gopinath and coworkers
studied the feasibility of using
Tribulus terrestris
L for the synthesis of sil-
ver nanoparticles [83]. h e process was quite fast and spherical-shaped
silver nanoparticles were observed in the size range of 16-28 nm. h ese
silver nanoparticles were shown to possess antimicrobial activity against
multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as
Streptococcus pyogens
,
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
,
Escherichia coli
,
Bacillus subtilis
and
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Vijayakumar
et al.
[23] have investigated the rapid and extracellular for-
mation of antibacterial silver nanoparticles (70-90 nm) by employing
Artemisia nilagirica.
Spherical nanoparticles with an average size of about
38.00 ± 14.00 nm have been synthesized by the rind extract of
Brucea
javanica
L. [30]. Amaladhas
et al.
[90] reported for the i rst time the use of
sunlight for rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of
Achyranthes aspera
plant. h ey characterized the silver nanoparticles using
UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX)
techniques and found that the silver nanoparticles formed were monodis-
persed and spherical in shape with an average size of 12.82 nm. Biological
activity of the silver nanoparticles was compared with standard antibacte-
rial (Amikacin) and antifungal (Fluconazole) drugs and they were found
to have considerable activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Vijayaraghavan
et al.
[66] reported a study for the one-step green syn-
thesis of silver nano/microparticles using extracts of
Trachyspermum
ammi
and
Papaver somniferum
. For the formation of biocompatible sil-
ver nanoparticles, the main essential oil (constituents such as thymol,
p-cymene and terpinene) in
T. ammi
was found to be a better reducing
agent than the alkaloids (morphine and codeine) present in
P. somniferous
.
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by peel extract of
Citrus sinensis
has
also been reported [43]. h e synthesized silver nanoparticles were found
to show antibacterial activity against
E. coli
,
P. aeruginosa
(Gram-negative),
and
S. aureus
(Gram-positive).
Kotakadi
et al.
[34] produced stable nanoparticles using dried leaves of
Catharanthus roseus
L. h e nanoparticles ranged in size from about 27 ±
2 and 30 ± 2 nm and had very good antimicrobial activity. Murugan and
Dipankar [55] reported for the i rst time the formation of face-centered
cubic silver nanoparticles with size ranging from 44 to 64 nm using
Iresine
herbstii
leaf aqueous extracts. h e synthesized nanoparticles showed
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