Civil Engineering Reference
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Nowadays, the shotcrete is only rarely applied to the tunnel surface by a manually guid-
ed spray nozzle as shown in Figs. 20.4 (right) and 20.6. Instead, it is standard practice
to apply the shotcrete using a spray vehicle or robot with a remote-controlled spray arm
(Fig. 20.7).
Figure 20.7
Application of shotcrete by spray vehicle (Wittke et al. 2002)
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