Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
An immediate sealing of the exposed rock surfaces with shotcrete of at least 3 cm thick-
ness is intended to provide early support to the rock mass close to the excavation sur-
face, in order to avoid loosening and the resulting decrease in rock strength (Wittke et
al. 2002). Then the outer reinforcement is installed (Fig. 20.5).
Figure 20.5
Installation of outer reinforcement
Figure 20.6
Manual application of shotcrete
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