Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
(b)
t
=0
1.E-07
0.2
Q=1
n-Fe
0
+ n-Cu
0
IR28MW939
Q=10
-2
0.0
1.E-08
Q=10
-4
t
=3 years
-0.2
Q=10
-6
1.E-09
Q=10
-8
-0.4
1.E-10
IR28MW362
-0.6
n-Fe
0
+ n-Cu
0
+ n-Al
0
IR28MW211
n-Fe
0
t
=1-3 months
1.E-11
-0.8
10
100
6
7
8
9
10
11
Days in operation
pH
(c)
(d)
0.2
0.2
H10MW32
t
=0
Fe + Cu + Al
0.1
0.1
H10MW37
0.0
H10MW34
0.0
-0.1
t
=0
Q=10
-6
-0.1
-0.2
Fe
t
=1 month
Fe + Cu
Q=10
-8
-0.3
-0.2
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
6
7
8
9
10
11
pH
pH
(e)
(f)
0.8
250
200
0.6
150
0.4
100
0.2
50
0
0.0
-50
-0.2
-100
-0.4
-150
-0.6
-200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Days in operation
Days in operation
fiGure 1.1
nano-Material Behavior During Remediation. (a) n-ZVM permeability decline in a fixed (packed) bed multi-tubular reactor
[10]. (b) Impact of 7.2 t, pneumatically injected n-Fe
0
(>1000 nm) into 1839 m
3
soil, on Eh and pH with time. Hunters Point, San Francisco, USA)
[17]. Q = equilibrium Mol l
−1
TCE/DCE; (c) Impact of 7.63 kg infiltrated n-Fe
0
(50-300 nm) (containing 0.15% Pd) into 808 m
3
soil, on Eh and
pH with time (12 months): nAS Jacksonville, Florida, USA [17]. (d) n-ZVM: pH vs. Eh over time in a static diffusion reactor showing typical
trajectories. Data points taken at 0, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 day intervals [135]. (e) pH oscillation with time, n-Fe
0
[135]. Oscillation value = change
in pH from previous measurement. (f) Eh oscillation with time, n-Fe
0
: Data: [135]. Oscillation value = change in Eh from previous measurement.
This review considers (i) the contaminants that can be removed by n-Fe
0
; (ii) the factors and mechanisms that impact on the
remediation rates; (iii) the interaction between n-Fe
0
, water, ZVM corrosion/remediation products; and (iv) Eh, pH oscillations,
and trajectories and their impact on remediation.
1.2
contaminants removed by n-fe
0
, n-cu
0
, and n-al
0
Contaminants removed from water in a diffusion environment at temperatures in the range [<0 to >70°C] by n-Fe
0
, n-Cu
0
, and
n-Al
0
, include
