Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
4
Field Instrumentation
4.1
Introduction
4.1.1
Methods and Instruments Summarized
Monitoring methods and some instruments available are summarized for general refer-
ence in the following tables:
Table 4.1
— method or instrument vs. condition to be monitored
●
Table 4.2
— applications of simple vs. complex instruments
●
Table 4.3
— methods or instrument summarized on basis of category of application
●
Comprehensive references on instrumentation have been prepared by Cording et al.
(1975) and Dunicliff (1988). Catalogs available from Boart Longyear Interfels GmbH,
Geokon, Soil Instrumentation Ltd., and Slope Indicator Co. are very informative.
4.1.2
Objectives
Instrumentation is installed to measure and monitor field conditions that are subject to
changes including:
Surface movements
●
Subsurface deformations
●
In situ
earth and pore pressures
●
Stresses on structural members
●
4.1.3
Applications
Foundation Design Studies
Measurements are made of deflections and stresses during load tests and preloading oper-
ations.
Construction Operations
During construction of buildings, embankments, retaining structures, open excavations,
tunnels, caverns, and large dams, instrumentation is installed to monitor loads, stresses,
and deformations to confirm design assumptions and determine the need for changes or
remedial measures.
