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Simple control
AC wind turbines
Load
Diesel gensets
AC bus
(a)
System control
AC wind turbines
Load
Diesel gensets
AC bus
Control
dump
load
(b)
FIGURE 10.2
(a) Low-penetration diesel without storage. Diesel governor and voltage controls maintain sys-
tem power quality. (b) Medium penetration with system control and dump load for high winds and medium
diesel power. (c) High penetration with flywheel storage.
available crane capacity on the island. Then in 2003, two large wind turbines (900 kW), control-
lable electric boilers, and a synchronous condenser were installed that brought the average penetra-
tion to 43-64% [23]. Fuel consumption was reduced significantly, with a savings of approximately
$1 million per year. Wind penetration ratios exceeding 40% usually have stability problems; how-
ever, reliable and stable power was delivered at 80% power penetration. Cape Verde had eleven
wind-diesel systems, with energy penetration of 14% and power penetration of 35%, with some
problems [24]. Three of the systems were not working in 2005. Wales, Alaska, had a high-penetration
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