Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 1.2 The role of biomass in some global energy supply scenarios for years
between 2025 and 2050
Energy
demand
(EJ)
Renewables
contribution
(EJ)
Biomass
contribution
(EJ)
Target
year
Scenario
Notes
a
BP Energy Outlook
2030
~712
~85
<50%
b
EXXON 2012
2025
637
85
53
The Outlook for Energy
b
2040
696
102
53
c
IEA “New Policies”
2030
679
96
74
c
IEA “Current Policies”
2030
719
84
68
c
IEA “450 Scenario”
2030
610
120
86
d
Shell “Blueprints”
2030
692
138
59
d
2050
769
232
57
d
Shell “Scramble”
2030
734
174
92
d
2050
880
326
131
a
tinyurl.com/7hlmqxn
b
tinyurl.com/6reyxlb.
c
IEA (2011).
d
tinyurl.com/5aamp8
allowed applications that were not so easy to realize with biomass: transportation
based on liquid fuels from crude oil and cooking on fossil gases. The future for bio-
mass as an energy source appeared to be deemed to fade away, although at the very
origin of modern engines, biomass-derived fuels were proposed and used, e.g., pea-
nut oil in Rudolf Diesel
s diesel engine and ethanol in internal spark ignition Otto
cycle-based engines (Henry Ford
'
s trials). Nowadays, biomass is again becoming
recognized as a green source for a multitude of energy conversion processes and
as a leading practical option for the near and midterm future according to several
studies, although also critical comments concerning costs and biomass supply
limitations have been made regarding this route.
In different future global primary energy demand scenarios, some of which are
shown in Table 1.2, biomass plays a significant role. A substantial part is expected
to be covered by liquid transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, increasingly
from nonedible biomass parts.
A variety of biomass sources can be converted to enable energy supply. These can
be divided into six categories, based on their properties (Khan et al., 2009):
'
1. Forestry products, waste, and residues, which can be subdivided into:
Stem-wood logs and wood chips
Primary forestry residues:
Logging residues
Stumps
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