Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Secondary forestry residues:
Wood processing by-products and residues
Bark, cutter chips, and sawdust
Tertiary residues:
Demolition wood (e.g., from furniture)
2. Agricultural residues and wastes (also called herbaceous species), which are
subdivided into three categories:
Primary (or direct harvest-related) residues, e.g., straw and vineyard residues
Secondary residues, which are generated after processing harvested material:
Bagasse (residue from sugar production from sugarcane)
Molasses and vinasse
Nutshells
Press cakes or pulp (from, e.g., olive and other vegetable oil processing)
Rice husks
Tertiary residues: manures from (domesticated) animals, such as chickens,
cows, and pigs
dung and litter
3. Industrial and municipal organic wastes, e.g.:
—
Biodegradable part of municipal solid waste
Biogenic part of refuse-derived fuel
4. Derivatives, e.g.:
Residues from the food processing industry
Waste from the pulp and paper industry (
“
black liquor
”
)
5. Aquatic species, namely:
Microalgae
Macroalgae (seaweeds)
6. Energy crops, which are grown with the aim to supply energy carriers, e.g.:
Sugar-producing crops: sugar beet, sugarcane, and sweet sorghum
Crops rich in starch: barley, cassava, corn, potato, and rye
Vegetable oil-containing crops:
Jatropha
, palm oil, rapeseed, soy, and
sunflower
Fast-growing reed and grass plants, such as hemp, kenaf, and miscanthus
(these are sometimes called
“
energy plants
”
)
Short rotation wood (e.g., eucalyptus, poplar, willow)
Slade et al. (2011) have published an overview of many studies regarding the
global availability of biomass in the near and further future. A summary of the find-
ings is schematically illustrated in Figure 1.9. This figure shows that biomass can sub-
stantially contribute to primary energy supply, but the extent of the relative share
depends on factors such as population growth, diet development and its associated
meat-producing farming practice development, sustainable agriculture and forestry
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