Strategic Choices for Sustainability at EU Regional Level - The Sustainability of Renewable Energy in Europe - page 87

able electricity in electricity consumption in 2020. The projections for RES % in
electricity consumption include the use of wind onshore, biomass, and biogas. As
for the heating and cooling sector, the NREAP projections for 2020 expect that
the 9.1 % comes from biomass, 0.3 % from biogas, heat pumps from 1.6 %, and
0.9 % from solar thermal. The transport sector in 2020 rests essentially on biodiesel
(698 ktoe), followed by renewable electricity (97 ktoe) and ethanol (91 ktoe). In
order to achieve and exceed the target of 13 % RES in 2020, EDORA believes that it
is crucial to strengthen the electricity grid to allow the development of power plants
that produce energy from RES.
Bulgaria The Bulgarian NREAP divides the 16 % goal of energy from RES in
21 % renewable electricity, 24 % in heating and cooling, and 7.8 % RES in trans-
port. The problems that Bulgaria has in relation to the grid connection procedures
are: there are too many authorities involved (five different authorities); investors
are not informed about the information flows between various authorities; there
is a connection fee per Megawatt (MW), which depends on where the installa-
tion is made; network owners often deny network access to projects that have
been licensed. There are some problems facing the RES, but they are not taken
into account by the NREAP. For example, the permit procedures do not have a
satisfactory legal framework. Many acts and ordinances have not been created
specifically for the RES. In addition, the permit procedures differ from one munici-
pality to another, creating contradictory rules. Existing networks should therefore
be extended and modernized smart grids should be introduced to allow greater
penetration of RES. The objective of 20.6 % from RES in electricity consumption
should be achieved by using mainly hydropower, then wind onshore, biomass,
and finally a small amount of photovoltaic. As for the heating and cooling sector,
23.8 % in heat consumption is achieved primarily through biomass (22.75), then
biogas (0.4 %), solar thermal (0.5 %), and geothermal (0.2 %). The transport sector
has difficulties to reach the target of 7.8 % of RES; however, it is expected that
the target will be achieved with a mix of biofuels (196 ktoe), renewable electricity
(5 ktoe), and others (4 ktoe).
Cyprus The Cypriot NREAP plans to achieve the overall target of 13 % RES by
16 % renewable electricity, 23.5 % in heating and cooling, and 5 % RES in transport.
With regard to the electricity sector, the government of Cyprus considers that the
law implemented by the RES Directive can restore investment security for most of
the RES industry and especially for photovoltaic technology. The RES scenario in
electricity sector should be obtained by using wind onshore, photovoltaic, and solar
thermal electricity. As for the heating and cooling sector, it is more difficult for the
target to be reached because there are a very limited number of applicants interested
in installing RES for heating due to the lack of incentives encouraging appropriate
publicity of support schemes. It is expected to reach the target of 23.5 % in heat con-
sumption using 5.7 % biomass, 0.6 % of RES from heat pumping, and 17.2 % solar
thermal. With regard to the share of RES in the transport sector, the objective of the
government is very conservative since it only aims to 5 % and it should be achieved
using only net biofuels imports (71.6 ktoe).