Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.14 Assessment of Groups of Traffic Loads (Frequent Values of the
Multicomponent Action) Specified in EC1 [
3.1
]
Footways and
Cycle Tracks
Carriageway
Vertical Forces
Load Type
LM1 (TS and
UDL systems)
Uniformly
distributed load
Load system
LM2 (Single axle)
Groups of loads
gr1a
Frequent values
gr1b
Frequent value
gr3
Frequent value
or the frequent values of loads on footways or cycle tracks, without any
accompanying component, as defined in
Table 3.14
specified in the code.
In the United States, AASHTO [1.24] adopts the load and resistance fac-
tor design (LRFD) methodology, where the total factored force effect shall
be taken as
Q¼
X
i
g
i
Q
i
ð
3
:
25
Þ
where
i
is the load modifier, which is a factor relating to ductility, redun-
The loads considered are classified as permanent and transient loads and
forces. The permanent loads comprise downdrag (
DD
), dead loads of
structural components and nonstructural attachments (
DC
), dead loads of
wearing surfaces and utilities (
DW
), horizontal earth pressure load (
EH
),
and accumulated locked-in force effects resulting from the construction pro-
cess, including secondary forces from posttensioning (
EL
), earth surcharge
load (
ES
), and vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill (
EV
). On the
other hand, transient loads comprise vehicular braking force (
BR
), vehicular
centrifugal force (
CE
), creep (
CR
), vehicular collision force (
CT
), earth-
quake (
EQ
), friction (
FR
), ice load (
IC
), vehicular dynamic load allowance
(
IM
), vehicular live load (
LL
), live load surcharge, pedestrian live load (
PL
),
settlement (
SE
), shrinkage (
SH
), temperature gradient (
TG
), uniform tem-
perature (
TU
), water load and stream pressure (
WA
), wind on live load
(
WL
), and wind on structure (
WS
). According to AASHTO [1.24], in
the application of permanent loads, force effects of each of the six load types
should be computed separately.
Tables 3.15
and
3.16
present the load
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