Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
a
Qi
Q
ik
a
Qi
Q
ik
a
qi
Q
ik
Key
(1) Lane Nr. 1 :
*
0.5
Q
1k
= 300 kN;
q
1k
= 9 kN/m
2
2.0
1
1k
= 2.5 kN/m
2
(2) Lane Nr. 2 :
Q
1k
= 200 kN;
q
1k
= 2.5 kN/m
2
(3) Lane Nr. 3 :
Q
1k
= 100 kN;
q
0.5
*
*
For
w
l
= 3.00 m
2
3
(see
Figure 3.6
)
. Where the carriageway consists of two separate parts on the
same deck, only one numbering should be used for the whole carriageway.
Hence, even if the carriageway is divided into two separate parts, there is
only one Lane Number 1, which can be considered alternatively on the
two parts. Where the carriageway consists of two separate parts on two inde-
pendent decks, each part should be considered as a carriageway. Separate
numbering should then be used for the design of each deck. If the two decks
are supported by the same piers and/or abutments, there should be a single
numbering for the two parts together for the design of the piers and/or the
abutments. According to EC1, for each individual verification, the load
models, on each notional lane, should be applied on such a length and so
longitudinally located that the most adverse effect is obtained. On the
remaining area, the associated load model should be applied on such lengths
and widths in order to obtain the most adverse effect.
It should be noted that characteristic loads specified in EC1 (3.1) are
intended for the determination of road traffic effects associated with ultimate
limit state verifications and with particular serviceability verifications. The
load models for vertical loads represent the following four traffic effects:
LoadModel 1 (LM1), LoadModel 2 (LM2), LoadModel 3 (LM3), and Load
Model 4 (LM4). LM1 contains concentrated and uniformly distributed
loads, which cover most of the effects of the traffic of motortrucks and cars.
This model should be used for general and local verifications. LM2 contains
a single axle load applied on specific tire contact areas, which covers the
dynamic effects of the normal traffic on short structural members. As an
order of magnitude, LM2 can be predominant in the range of loaded lengths
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