Fuels in Transportation - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 26

Brazil is planning the introduction of biogenic fuel obtained from sugar cane to
civil aviation based on the successes in the use of alcohols in road vehicle tech-
nology [ 45 ].
2.4 Marine Fuels
ISO 8216 and 8217 define the specifications of marine fuels. Marine Distillate
Fuels (MDF) such as Marine Gas Oil (MGO) and Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) are on
average clean fuels [ 46 ]. They are liquid at normal temperatures and have a
relatively low density. The fuel can be directly pumped from the storage tank to
the supply tank for one day. From here the fuel flows to a lower mixture tank.
MDO and MGO fuels are usually used when the vessel is maneuvering [ 47 ].
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is the residual part of distillation with a relatively high
density. It must be stored in the bunker tank and preheated for pumping to the
settling tank. HFO is made suitable for use in marine diesel engines through the
addition of certain flammable substances [ 48 ].
The physical and chemical properties, such as the viscosity and the density, and
the field of application of the Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO) are between MDF and
HFO.
2.4.1 Marine Distillate Fuels
Marine Distillate Fuels are mixtures of different middle distillates from petroleum
refining for marine diesel engines which have four qualities for seagoing ships
[ 49 ]:
• DMX is a very light gasoil with an excellent cold quality, characterized by the
Cloud Point. It is used almost only as an emergency fuel;
• DMA can also be used as a navy gasoil or Marine Gas Oil (MGO). It is a gasoil
of medium density;
• DMB can be used as a navy diesel oil or a Marine Diesel Oil (MDO). It is a
relatively heavy gasoil with parts of vacuum gasoil; and
• DMC is a fuel consisting of heavy gasoil. Delay oils can also partly be mixed to
DMC.
Table 2.13 presents the main parameters of MDF [ 50 ].