Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.13
Main parameters of Marine Distillate Fuels
Parameters
Types
Temperature
Values
C
(F)
max. 5.5 (5.9 9 10
-5
)
Kinematic
viscosity
cSt (ft
2
DMX
40
(104)
max. 6.0 (6.5 9 10
-5
)
DMA
40
(104)
s
-1
)
max. 11.0 (11.8 9 10
-5
)
DMB
40
(104)
max. 14.0 (15.0 9 10
-5
)
DMC
40
(104)
Density
kg m
-3
DMX
15
(59)
max. 800 (49.94)
(lb ft
-3
)
DMA
15
(59)
max. 890 (55.56)
DMB
15
(59)
max. 900 (56.17)
DMC
15
(59)
max. 920 (57.44)
Ignition temperature
C( F)
DMX
min. 43 (109)
DMA
min. 60 (140)
DMB
min. 60 (140)
DMC
min. 60 (140)
2.4.2 Heavy Fuel Oil
HFO is the residual part of the distillation and cracking plants in petroleum
refining. The international trade name is Residual Marine Fuel RME, RMG, or
RMK.
The parameters of HFO are presented in Table
2.14
[
51
].
The main ingredients of HFO are alkenes, cycloalkenes, and highly condensed
aromatic hydrocarbons, such as asphaltene with about 20-70 carbon atoms per
molecule and a boiling range between 300 and 700C (572 and 1,292F).
Heterocyclic nitrogen with a nitrogen content of 0.5% by weight and sulfur sub-
stances with a sulfur content of 6% by weight and metallic pollutants obtained
from oil such as nickel, vanadium, sodium, calcium, and others are concentrated in
HFO [
52
].
The use of HFO is regulated in MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Annex VI, which
defines the emissions of sulfur combustion products in certain areas of the ocean.
The regulation is important for the environment, because most seagoing ships use
HFO for the main engine on the high see with higher sulfur content than permitted
in some individual areas. Ships have to switch to environmentally friendly fuels in
protected areas [
53
].
Heavy Cycle Oil or slurry fuel can be contaminated with ''catalyst fines''
when a crushed zeolitic catalyst is used. Micro particles of slurry are often
responsible for abrasion in the fuel system and engine. Fines can be eliminated
in a separator system or in similar special devices in the processing phase of oil
production [
54
].
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