Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(UK). The newest very large airliners consume\3.0 l (100 km and passenger)
-1
of
fuel, i.e., 78.4 passenger-mpg (US) and 94.1 passenger-mpg (UK) because they fly at
higher altitudes, i.e., above 40,000 ft (12,200 m) than conventional jet airplanes.
Similar to vehicle technology, a 10% reduction in the weight of airplanes leads
to about a 7.5% and a 10% reduction in air resistance leads to a 4-5% reduction of
fuel consumption.
Aviation technology is moving toward the intensive decreasing fuel consumption
and pollutions. However, changes in the combustion processes are part of the natural
aging of jet engines. Measurement and storage of the data of combustion products
can provide precise information about the burning quality and help to find the right
balance between the individual combustion chambers of the airplane.
16.7.3 Ship Technology
Transportation by water for large quantities of non-perishable goods is much
cheaper than road or air transportation. World sea and inland navigation consumed
approximately (360-370) 9 10
6
ty
-1
((793.0-815.0) 9 10
9
lb y
-1
) of heavy
marine fuel oils in 2009-2010, which are specially refined types of petroleum, also
referred to as bunker fuels [
55
].
Considering the increasing price of HFO fuel (€1.73 or US $2.471 per gallon,
i.e., €0.457 or US $0.653/l for end-users) in 2011, the financial advantages of 1-
2% fuel saving could amount to €1.37-2.74 thousand million or US $1.96-3.92
thousand million per year [
55
].
16.8 Summary and Recommendations: Costs in Road
Transport, Aviation, and Maritime Shipping
A ''life cycle'' is the time interval from the beginning of the development to the
end of the service life of all transportation means. It is different for road vehicles,
airplanes, and ships. Life cycle assessment considers the following time intervals:
• Technology development, preliminary designation, and Type approval and Type
certification of road vehicles takes 3-5 years, of aircraft and of ships 5-10 years;
• Production run of road vehicles takes 10-15 years, of aircraft and ships 15-20;
and
• Operation of road vehicles takes 15-20 years, airplanes and ships 25-30 years.
The total cost of a ship, an airplane, and a road vehicle is influenced by a chain
of investments and events during the whole life cycle. The costs of development,
Type approval and certification procedures have to be compensated with incomes
during they service life.
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