Transportation Costs - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 252

GTL and biogenic fuels are energy carriers of the future. The production
process of GTL consumes 40% of the energy contained in GTL. Biogenic fuels
can gain a role in in-city ferry routes or other short sea trades [ 50 ].
In the 70s and 80s, scientists expected, that hydrogen will gain a leading role in
the economy and ecology. However, currently, the dominant technology is steam
reforming or hydrocracking. Hydrolization, a specific way of electrolysis means
only a small portion of H 2 production. On the other side, hydrogen requires
approximately six times the space of LNG. The fight and safe storage of H 2 on
ships is yet a not solved problem.

16.7 Cost Saving in Transportation

Fuel price has become the most decisive factor in transportation. Unleaded gas-
oline costs on average €1.469, i.e., US $2.1 in the EU. The span ranges from
€1.212/l up to €1.662/l. The price of diesel has been intensively increased last
years. Recent price ranges between €1.205/l and €1.667/l. The average is €1.180/l
[ 51 ].
LPG has a ca. 60-70% lower price level. It costs approximately €0.8/l. The
span ranges from €0.578/l up to €1.229/l. CNG has the same specific price level
than LPG when the heating value per m 3

or cu ft is converted to liter [ 52 ].

16.7.1 Vehicle Technology

Road transportation consumed approximately (1,290-1,350) 9 10 6 ty -1
((2,841.4-2,973.6) 9 10 9 lb y -1 ) of gasoline and (850-880) 9 10 6 t ((1,872-
1,938) 9 10 9 lb) diesel fuel in 2009-2010. Until recently, most cars used spark
ignition engines which burn gasoline; however, currently an increasing number of
cars are using self-ignition engines which burn diesel fuel [ 53 ].
There is a high potential for reduction in fuel consumption and emissions.
Experience shows that a 10% reduction in weight, a 10% reduction in air resis-
tance, and a 10% decrease in rolling resistance in a mid-sized car leads to about a
6, 3, and 2% reduction in fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions.

16.7.2 Aviation Technology

World aviation Jet A fuel consumption is approximately (258-270) 9 10 6 ty -1

[(568.3-594.7) 9 10 9 lb y -1 ] and kerosene consumption is about (68-70) 9 10 6 ty -1

[(149.8-154.2) 9 10 9 lb y -1 ] according to the statistics from 2009 to 2010 [ 54 ].
Average passenger airplanes use approximately 4.5 l fuel (100 passenger-km) -1
or 1.2 MJ (passenger-km -1 ), i.e., 52.3 passenger-mpg (US) and 62.8 passenger-mpg