Basics of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 2

Basic aspects of fuel consumption

Types of fuel

Fundamental elements of saving
fuel and reducing emissions

Measurement of fuel consumption

Emissions and measurement of emissions

Construction

Electronic and computer technology

Technological elements

Aero-and hydrodynamics

Propulsion technology

Engine technology

Type approval and Type certification

Administrative measures Inspection and maintenance

Navigation

Climate and environment

Social and environmental
conditions

Cost situation

Future transportation

Future transportation
systems

Closing remarks

Fig. 1.1 Structure of the topic

• Fuel volume or fuel mass per freight mass and distance, or freight volume and
distance in l (kg km) -1 and l (m 3 km) -1 , or kg (kg km) -1 and kg (m 3 km) -1 ;

and
• Fuel volume or fuel mass per engine performance or engine thrust as Specific
Fuel Consumption (SFC) in ml (kNh) -1 and ml (kWh) -1 or g (kNh) -1 and g

(kWh) -1 .

Unlike the metric system (International System of Units (SI) or Système
International d'Unités), the imperial measurement system gives details on attain-
able distance per volume of fuel, i.e., mile per gallon or mpg consumed. In the
USA, and in the UK in the past (Imperial Unit), the energy intensity of travel was
often expressed in units of BTU per mile, i.e., BTU mi -1 . The tables and remarks
in this text systematically contain all units [ 2 ].
In the metric system, the amount of exhaust gases can be expressed in g km -1
or oz mi -1 in road transportation, and in g nmi -1 or oz nmi -1 in shipping and in
aviation. The particles can be characterized by the average diameter in mm or in
inches, and the number of the emitted particles without physical units.