Navigation - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 210

Table 14.1 Information systems in aviation
Information system Description

Weather information Aviation weather information observed locally is collected and

disseminated by the World Area Forecast System (WAFS) and by
national meteorological offices in a timely manner as printed reports
and weather charts [ 21 ]. The local observations are added to in-flight
observations by pilots and satellite data. Observations are made by
humans or automated weather stations, based on internationally
accepted methods, equipment and timing. The reports and forecasts
are also encoded as texts according to international standards

Aeronautical
information

Information on the state of aviation infrastructure called ''aeronautical
information'' is published as a package by the nations for their
territories according to ICAO standards in Annex 15 Aeronautical
Information Services (AIS) on the manner and timing of promulgation.
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) and Notices to Airmen
(NOTAM) are the main elements of the integrated information package
[ 22 ]. NOTAMs are issued and distributed within aviation communities
through a dedicated communication network at all times. This
information should be available for the operator before takeoff and, in
some instances, must be provided during flight

Dangerous air traffic
incidents

There is a mandatory system for pilots to report on dangerous air traffic
incidents and occurrences experienced during flight to the
appropriate Air Traffic Control (ATC) authority [ 23 ]. A report is due
if a near-collision could have been avoided, if prescribed procedures
cannot be complied to or if ground equipment and facilities failed.
An air traffic incident report serves the standardized fashion of
written records on circumstances and details. The pilot reports it by
radio if the incident occurred in-flight. At the first landing following
the incident within the shortest time period the pilot submits the
report to the nearest Air Traffic Services Reporting Office (ARO), or
if none is available, to the office of any Air Traffic Service (ATS) [ 24 ,
25 ]. ARO was established for the purpose of receiving reports
concerning air traffic services and flight plans

Table 14.2 Air Traffic Control services
Control services Description

Airport control
service

Airport control service is responsible for the airport's traffic at and near
airport area. The airspace around the airport for a horizontal distance of
10-15 km (5.4-8.1 nmi) and an altitude of 1,000 m (3,279 ft) is
included in the controlled area. Furthermore, it may include tower
control, ground control, clearance delivery and other units

Approach control
service

Approach control service is responsible for the departing and arriving
flights of the airport along designated corridors between the airport and
the airspace border of an area control service

Area control
service

Area control is responsible for controlled flights within controlled airspace,
generally along the cruise portion of flights. An example is the
overwater portion of flights between the continents, where Oceanic
Control Areas (OCA) are designated and oceanic control centers are
responsible for control [ 27 ]. These regions are mainly without radar
coverage