Emissions - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 81

Table 5.1 Properties of air and gaseous substances in air

Density a Substance Melting point Boiling point

-3

(lb ft -3 )

kg m C (F) C (F)

Air 1.29 (0.081) -220 (-364) -191 (-312)

Oxygen 1.43 (0.089) -218 (-360) -183 (-297)

Nitrogen 1.25 (0.078) -210 (-346) -196 (-321)

Carbon dioxide 1.98 (0.124) -57 (-71) -78 (-108)

Carbon monoxide 1.25 (0.078) -199 (-326) -191 (-312)

Methane 0.72 (0.045) -183 (-297) -162 (-260)

Propane 2.00 (0.125) -182 (-296) -42 (-44)

Sulphur dioxide 2.93 (0.183) -73 (-99) -10 (14)

Steam b 0.60 (0.037) ±0 (32) +100 (212)

Hydrogen 0.09 (0.006) -258 (-432) -253 (-423)

a

Normal state

b

100C/212F

human beings through industry, transport, and domestic heating. Cars and trucks
emit approximately 33 9 10 6 tofNO x . Both, the shipping and the aviation
industry individually emit about 2.5 9 10 6 t, i.e., 5.51 9 10 9

lb per year, which is

commonly 5.0 9 10 6 t year -1 , i.e., 11.01 9 10 9 lb year -1 or 15% of the NO x

exhaust masses caused by transportation [ 13 ].
Sulfur (S) burns with the oxygen of air and produces sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ).

S þ O 2 ! SO 2 ð 5 : 7 Þ

Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions are approximately 150 9 10 6

t, i.e.,

331 9 10 9 lb per year [ 15 ].
On the basis of the maximum value of the sulfur content in kerosene and
gasoline, according to international standards, approximately 5 kg (11 lb) of SO 2
is emitted per 1.0 t (2,204 lb) of fuel. However, in practice the emissions might be
substantially lower owing to better fuel quality. SO 2 causes acid rain which affects
nature and also causes several diseases, and dangerous processes for human health
and infrastructure [ 14 ].
Table 5.1 shows the properties of air and of gaseous components in air [ 16 ].
In both, the short- and the long-term scenarios, reducing fuel consumption and
exhaust gas emissions constitute the two most important topics of transportation.

5.2 Measurement of Emissions

Definitions for emission analyzing technology are similar in all sectors of trans-
port, i.e., road traffic, aviation, and maritime shipping. The measurement proce-
dure and the equipment for the Type approval and the Type certification can be
divided into four main groups; see Fig. 5.1 .