Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
R & D
expensive
scientific instruments
I & M
moderate cost device to test
quality
TA & TC
expensive large certified
analysers for basic tests of
quality
OBD
inexpensive micro sensors and
actuators for saving data during
normal operation
R - Research
D - Development
TA - Type Approval
TC - Type Certification
I - Inspection
M - Maintenance
Fig. 5.1
Instruments for measuring emissions in the whole life cycle of transportation
Emissions can be determined at:
• Engine test benches;
• Vehicle dynamometer test benches; and
• On-board of vehicles, ships, and airplanes.
The basic method of all procedures is the examination of engine's fuel con-
sumption and exhaust gas emission at test benches with large, registered and
verified analyzers. However, fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions of the
most full size ships and airplanes cannot be tested in the same way those of road
vehicles. Only small models designed from the original airplane or ship, can be
placed and analyzed in flow models and wind tunnels.
On-board measurement could provide an optional way for mobile quality
control. However, CO 2 and pollutant emissions in exhaust gases in real operation
are not continuously monitored yet, because small sensors with high durability,
sensitivity, and selectivity and high speed micro controller are missing. Large, in
most cases modified, compact analyzer systems can measure real emissions in
experiments only for short time periods and under predetermined conditions [ 17 ].
High temperatures and pressures in the combustion chamber and changing
conditions in the real environment make measurement of the concentration of
exhaust gas components very complicated.
5.2.1 Measurement at Test Benches
Emissions of vehicles', ships', and airplanes' engine are usually tested at test
benches. The example in Fig. 5.2 shows the analysis of exhaust gases behind a jet
engine [ 18 ].
 
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