Hazard Assessment and Contaminated Sites - Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory Towards Practical Application - page 518

12.3.6 Evaluation of the Weight-of-Evidence and Consideration of the

Toxicology Database In Toto ...........................

534

12.3.7 Methods for the Hazard Identification of Carcinogens ............ 535

The Hazard Identification Report ........................ 12.3.8 536

12.4 Hazard Identification-Epidemiology ............................

536

Introduction .....................................

12.4.1 536

Bias and Confounding: Key Concepts in Environmental Epidemiology . 12.4.2 537

Types of Epidemiological Study - An Overview ............... 12.4.3 538

12.4.4 Assessing the Relationship Between a Possible Cause and an Outcome . 540

12.4.5 The Strengths and Limitations of Observational Epidemiology

Versus Experimental Toxicology ........................ 543

12.4.6 Undertaking Health Studies ............................

545

12.5 Dose-Response Assessment ................................. 546

Introduction ..................................... 12.5.1 546

12.5.2 Methodologies ................................... 547

Threshold Approaches ............................... 12.5.3 548

12.5.4 Non-Threshold Approaches ...........................

549

Threshold Versus Non-Threshold Approaches ................ 12.5.5 550

12.5.6 Mechanistically-Derived Models ........................

552

Benchmark Dose Approach ............................ 12.5.7 552

Inter- and Intra-Species Considerations .................... 12.5.8 554

12.5.9 Mixtures ....................................... 554

12.5.10 Checklist for Toxicological Appraisals .....................

555

12.5.11 Uncertainty and Variability in Hazard Assessment ..............

558

12.5.12 Sources of Toxicological and Tolerable Intake Data ............. 558

Glossary ................................................. 558

References ................................................ 566

Abbreviations

ADI Acceptable Daily Intake (WHO)
BMD Benchmark Dose
DOH Department of Health (United Kingdom)
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
Mg/kg bw /d mg/kgbodyweight/day
MTD Maximum Tolerated Dose

NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia)

NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level

NOEL No Observed Effect Level

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

PM 10 Particulate Matter 10 μ