Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.1 Calculation of revenue based on predicted European import
Time frame and
total (kWh)
Proposed price
(22 cents/kWh)
Spain
(14 cents/kWh)
MENA
(7 cents/kWh)
a
MENA (10.5
cents/kWh)
b
2020-2025 (60bil-
lion kWh)
13.2 billion Euro
per year
8.4 billion
Euro per year
4.2 billion
Euro per year
6.3 billion Euro
per year
From 2050
(700 billion kWh)
154 billion Euro
per year
98 billion Euro
per year
49 billion Euro
per year
73.5 billion
Euro per year
a
Composition of the price 9.5 cents/kWh predicted costs
4.5 cents/kWh predicted relief +2 cents/
kWh transport costs
b
The first MENA price is the pure production price; since Spain produced for 14 cents/kWh and
charged a total of 18-22 cents/kWh, this is an increase of approximately 50 %. Therefore, 50 %
was added to the initial MENA price
Table 1.2 Worst-case scenario to raise 400 billion Euro by only 60 billion kWh/year
Time to raise 400 billion Euro
22 cents/
kWh
14 cents/
kWh
7 cents/
kWh
10.5 cents/
kWh
30 years
47 years
95 years
63 years
Table 1.3 Moroccan energy costs
0-100 kWh per person (pp)
101-200 kWh (pp)
201-500 kWh (pp)
500 kWh (pp)
>
8 cents/kWh
9 cents/kWh
9 cents/kWh
13 cents/kWh
1.3 Contract Design: Public Private Partnership
The kind of contract is important to assess whether commercial and investment
arbitration is applicable. Furthermore, only a few cooperation models are applica-
ble. The best way to realize such a large scale project would be to make use of PPPs
as they offer numerous forms and types of cooperation between the private and
public sector.
87
Internationally, the utilization of PPPs is quite common.
88
As long
as both parties do not choose a national law to govern the PPP, it is most likely that
it will be categorized as an international contract, despite the inclusion of private
parties.
89
Due to the wide variety of cooperation forms, it is not possible to define a PPP.
90
However, there are certain features which distinguish a PPP from other forms of
cooperation. These attributes are: (1) the long duration of the contract; (2) the
87
Noltensmeier (
2009
), 26; Nickel and Kopf (
2004
); Yescombe (
2007
), 4.
88
Deutscher Bundestag (
2005
), 1; Spread of PPPs, in: Bremer (
2005
), 1; Yescombe (
2007
), 22.
89
Herdegen (
1994
), 41 (48).
90
Metje (
2008
), 5; Corbacho and Schwartz (
2008
), 85 (86); cf. Seidel/Mertens in Dauses (
2010
),
H. IV.
¨
ffentliches Auftragswesen para 205; Jonas and Paulsen (
2007
), 13 (14); H
€
ofler (
2007
),
35 (37); Koman (
2004
).
