Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9
(continued)
Experimental conditions
a
Rate
b
, surfactant
No. Pesticide/structure
Effects on mobility
Reference
Sandy loam & loam, 5 cm i.d. × 25 cm, satu-
rated flow 3 (sandy loam) & 1.5 (loam)
kg ai / ha; Sulphonic
®
, Rexol
®
& Rexonic
®
(200-3000 ppm)
Anionic surfactant (Sulphonic
®
)
greatly reduced leaching.
Abu-Zreig et al. (2000)
46
Norflurazon
Fine sand, 7 cm i.d. × 8 cm, 94 ml/hr (4 pore
volume)
5 kg ai / ha, Solicam
®
80 DF; 4 quaternary
ammoniums (Adogen
®
), 4 substituted imid-
azolines (Monazoline
®
) (weight equiv to ai)
No effect of Adogen
®
on leaching
but Monazoline
®
reduced leach-
ing to 60-80% of the control.
Tan and Singh (1995)
Singh et al. (2002b)
N
CH
3
NH
N
Cl
O
CF
3
32
Imidacloprid
Sandy loam, 7 cm i.d. × 25 cm, 1 mL/min until
collection of 0.5 L × 5 leachates.
100 ppm ai; Gaucho
®
70 WS, Confidor
®
200
SL, Admire
®
350 SC
More leaching of formulation than ai
with the order of WS > SL > SC.
Gupta et al. (2002)
Cl
N
NO
2
N
N
NH
59
Hexazinone
Sandy clay, 5 cm i.d. × 30 cm, 25 ml /d × 60 d
10 kg ai / ha; Velpar
®
WP, organo-clay (mont-
morillonite SAz-1 + 100% CEC equiv
HDTMA + 4.4 w/w% WP) formulations
Maximum in breakthrough curve
delayed by 4 d than WP with less
leaching
Celis et al. (2002)
CH
3
CH
3
N
N
O
CH
3
NN
O
N.A., not available.
a
Soil properties, column size, flow rate of water and duration.
b
Application rate of pesticide.
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