Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
56
Sulfentrazone
Sandy loam, 100 cm
2
× 20 cm, 50 ml/10 min ×
10
Organo-clay greatly reduced
leaching.
Polubesova et al. (2003)
Cl
O
CHF
2
0.7 kg ai/ha; Boral
®
WDG, organo-clay (Na
mont-morillonite Swy-2 + 2.5-10 mM octa-
decyltrimethyl-ammonium (ODTMA) + ai)
formulation
N
Cl
N
N
CH
3
NHSO
2
CH
3
57
Dicamba
Cl
Sandy loam, 4.4 cm i.d. × 50 cm, equiv to
5-20 cm rainfall
8.96 kg ai / ha; Tween 80 (10
3
-10
5
ppm)
Enhanced leaching at all concentra-
tions tested with detection of
dicamba in leachates.
Foy (1992)
OCH
3
COOH
Cl
15
Trifluralin
Sandy, 5 cm i.d. × 35 cm, 30 ml per 48 hr
All surfactants increased downward
movement especially when soil
was preliminarily wetted
Koren (1972)
45 kg ai / ha; Tronic
®
, Wetting agent Ciba
®
,
Triton X-100 (2.0 v/v%)
NO
2
C
3
H
7
CF
3
N
C
3
H
7
NO
2
58
Bromacil
Fine sand, 7 cm i.d. × 8 cm, 94 ml/hr (4 pore
volume)
5 kg ai / ha, Hyrar X
®
80 WP; 3 ethoxyl-
ated amines, 4 quaternary ammoniums
(Adogen
®
), 4 substituted imidazolines
(Monazoline
®
) (weight equiv to ai)
≥
90% of the applied dose was
eluted after addition of 2 pore-
volume water.
No effect by all surfacrtants on
leaching.
Tan and Singh (1995)
N
H
3
C
O
N
Br
O
13
Atrazine
Sandy loam, 3.6 cm i.d. × 10.7 cm, 0.8 cm / hr
× 3 hr
5 ppm ai; Soil penetrant 3685
®
(alkyl polyoxy-
ethylene ethanol, 0-10,000 ppm)
Insignificant effect on leaching.
Increased adsorption to soil at ≤
cmc(2,000 ppm) but decreased
one at >cmc
Huggenberger et al. (1973)
Cl
N
N
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