Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
25
y=0.60 x
y=(0.151 ± 0.039)
20
15
10
Mean (PM-10)
Upper confidence limit
Lower confidence limit
Mean (PM-2.5)
Mean (sulphate)
y=(0.070 ± 0.012) x
5
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
PM concentration [
µ
gm
-3
]
Fig. 3.17 Dependence of mortality on PM
2.5
and PM
10
concentrations in Great Britain population
[
68
]
3.3.1.6 Residential Heating
Irrespective of fuel nature, residential heaters have a major contribution to the
anthropogenic accumulation of nanoparticles in the atmosphere (Fig.
3.18
)[
37
].
Detailed studies on nanoparticles released by conventional residential and social
heating sources (schools, offices, performance halls, etc.) in Fairbanks, Alaska
indicate that of the total annual emission amount, the highest nanoparticle concen-
tration comes from wood-fired heaters [
73
-
75
]. In order to limit these emissions in
areas on the planet where residential heating is a long-term or constant necessity,
programmes for the gradual reduction of wood combustion in favour of other
low-emission fuels were suggested [
75
].
Given that fossil fuels obtained from exhaustible sources (coal, oil, natural gas)
need to be replaced with renewable fuels (wood, straw, biodiesel, biobenzene), the
policies of reducing nanoparticle emissions should be harmonised with the policies
concerning the use of such fuel types.
3.3.2 Mobile Sources of Nanoparticles
Mobile sources of nanoparticles are engines. Regardless of fuel nature or mechan-
ical drive, the modern classification of engines identifies two classes:
- External combustion engines;
- Internal combustion engines.
