Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 21.2 Comparison of
drive-alone rates for commute
trips [
15
].
Source
Reference
[
15
], p 31, Fig. 2
©
National
Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC. Reproduced
with permission of the
Transportation Research
Board.
Table 21.8 Comparison of employment at CTR worksites and Washington state [
15
]
Employment
at CTR
worksites
Percent
change
Daily
vehicle trips
to CTR
worksites
Percent
change
Employment
in
Washington
state
Percent
change
2007
513,720
356,861
3,154,787
2010
528,113
+2.8
358,086
+0.3
3,014,335
−
4.7
Source
Reference [
15
], p 31, Table 2.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
Reproduced with permission of the Transportation Research Board.
©
less demand on the transportation system than expected and reducing the need
for additional state investments in highway capacity (Table
21.8
).
By averting vehicle trip growth associated with increased employment, CTR
participants reduced VMT by 160 million each year between 2007 and 2010. This
saved approximately 71,500 metric tons of GHG emissions annually
—
an equiva-
lent of burning 389 rail cars of coal
and approximately 8 million gallons of fuel
each year. CTR commuters saved more than $22 million in fuel expenses in 2010.
Washington State DOT has elevated
demand management
to one of the state
—
'
s3
primary investments in transportation solutions
—
joining ef
cient operations and
strategic capacity
additions.
Although CTR has demonstrated strong performance within its target markets,
the program includes only 6 % of the VMT in the state.
21.5 Conclusions
This chapter has demonstrated how various employer and institutional strategies can
reduce highway travel demand. It describes and assesses the various actions taken to
reduce the number of single occupant cars used for commuting to and fromwork. It also
shows how work schedule changes can reduce peak hour traf
c and transit volumes.
Some applications can be effective at the local level as was the case in Lower
Manhattan in the 1970s when peak hour transit crush loads were reduced. Their effect
