Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 19.4 (continued)
Countries
visited
Purpose/
objective
Type of pricing
Milestone dates
Technology
Measured
impacts
Annual revenues
and cost (in USD)
a
Distribution of net
revenues
Revenue
generation
Singapore:
Electronic
road pricing
(ERP)
Manage
congestion
(primary)
Cordon and express way
pricing by time of day and
vehicle class
Cordon pricing
via manually
enforced paper
permit system in
1975
Dedicated short-
range
communications
(DSRC) in-vehicle
units with removable
stored-value smart
card for payment
Achieves free
flow road
speed targets
of 45
-
65 km/h
on
expressways
and
20
-
30 km/h
on arterials.
Gross revenues
(2008): SGS125
million (US$90
million)
Net revenues
returned to vehicle
owners through tax
rebates-heavy
investment from
general fund in
transit and
highway systems
Promote transit
(secondary)
Transition to
ERP in 1998,
followed by
expressway
pricing
Net revenues:
SGS100 million
(US$72 million)
ANPR for
enforcement
Overhead costs:
SG$25 million
(US$18 million),
20 % of gross
revenues
Germany:
Heavy goods
vehicle
(HGV)
charging on
highways
Generate
revenue and
promote user-
pays principle
(primary)
Truck tolls for HGVs
greater than 12 metric tons
on the autobahn and limited
portions of other national
highways based on distance
traveled, number of axles
and emissions class
Opened in
January 2005
Global positioning
System (GPS) for
vehicle location
Violations
less than 2 %
Gross revenue
(2008):
€
3.5
billion (US$5
billion)
Net revenues for
roads (50 %), rail
(38 %), and
waterways (12 %)
Empty track
trips
declined by
7%
Protect
environment
and encourage
mode shift to
rail and water
(secondary)
Global System for
Mobile
Communications
(GSM) for data
transmission
Overhead costs:
15
-
20 % of gross
revenues
58 % shift
from dirtier
track models
(Euro class 1,
2, 3) to
cleaner trucks
(Euro class 4,
5)
DSRC and ANPR
for enforcement
Average toll rate:
£
0.163 per km
(US$0,378 per mi)
€
560 million (US
$815 million) per
year for trucker
“
harmonization
”
program
Manual booking
system via kiosk
terminals and
Internet for those
without onboard
units
(continued)
