Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 13.12
Air quality status of congested urban areas
Rank on TTI congestion rating
Urban area
Populallon
(thousands)
TRI TTI Air quality status (Areas in
nonattainment)
Los Angeles, CA
12,600
1
1
Extreme ozone; serious CO;
serious PM10
San Francisca
Oaklaric, CA
4,025
2
3
Ozone (unclassified)
-
Seattle
-
Everett, WA
1,905
3
2
-
Washington, DC
MD
VA
3,490
4
4
Serious ozone
-
-
Chicago, IL
Northwestern IN
3,065
5
7
Severe ozone
-
San Diego, CA
2,700
5
9
Serious ozone
Boston, MA
3,020
7
4
-
Portland
Vancouver, OR
WA
1,490
a
a
-
-
-
Atlanta, GA
2,860
9
10
Serious ozone
Las Vegas, IW
1,260
9
16
Serious CO
Denver, CO
1,360
11
11
Serious CO; moderate PM
10
Houston, TX
3,130
12
11
Severe ozone
New York, NY
-
Northeastern NJ
16,430
13
16
Severe ozone; moderate CD
Miami-Hialali, FL
2,100
13
14
-
Detroit, Ml
4,020
15
13
-
Note
EPA classifications of nonattainment areas as of July 20, 2000.
TRI
travel rate index;
TTI
travel time index (see text for definitions);
CO
carbon monoxide;
PM10
particulates between 2.5
and 10
μ
m and less than 2.5
μ
m in mean aerodynamic diameter. Population data are for urbanized
areas; only developed land with a density of greater than 1,000 persons per square mile is included
in the boundary
Source
Reference [
31
], p 61, Table 2-3
“
Another study from Worcester, Massachusetts found a 5 % increased risk of
acute heart attack for each kilometer closer a subject lived to a major roadway
”
[
46
].
“
In New York City, more than 2 million people live within 500 ft of major
roadways: in Manhattan this accounts for 75 % of the population Table
13.13
.
Shows the population living within the 500 foot risk zone in each of the city
'
s
ve boroughs
”
.
International Experience
The same Environmental Defense report [
37
] identi
es similar
findings by Euro-
pean researchers:
“
A key study from 2005 that found that the risk of asthma increased 89 % for
each quarter mile closer children lived to a major roadway; the follow-up 2007
study found decreased lung air
fl
flow function for children living within about
1,500 ft of a major roadway
”
[
43
].
“
A study in Stockholm found a 40 % increase in lung cancer risk for the group
with the highest average traf
c-related NO
2
exposure
”
[
47
].
