Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.1 Concentrations of some of the pharmaceuticals detected in treated water in The Netherlands in comparison with safe drinking water levels
(SDWL) and I
70
values (Mons et al.
2013
)
Compound
DWL
a
(ng/L)
MCLs observed in treated
drinking water (ng/L)
DWL Daily drinking water consumption
needed to reach DWL
I
70
value
(mg)
b
Therapeutic dose
(mg/day)
I
70
/therapeutic
dose (percent)
25
×
103
Acetylsalicylic
acid
122
205 L
6.2
20
30
Diclofenac
18
7,500c
417 L
0.9
15
6
50
×
103
c
Carbamazepine
90
556 L
4.6
100
5
10,000
c
Prozac
(
uoxetine)
10
1000 L
0.5
20
2.5
35,000
c
Beza
brate
20
1750 L
1
67
1.5
50,000
c
Metoprolol
26
1923 L
1.3
100
1.3
50,000
c
Fenobrate
21
2381 L
1.1
100
1.1
30,000
c
Clobric acid
136
221 L
6.9
1200
0.6
125,000
c
Phenazone
29
4310 L
1.5
250
0.6
103
c
Ibuprofen
28
150
×
5357 L
1.4
300
0.5
Paracetamol
33
150,000
4545 L
1.7
1200
0.15
Lincomycine
21
30
×
103
1429 L
1.1
1200
0.1
Sulfamethoxazole
40
75
×
103
1875 L
2
2000
0.1
106
d
Amidotrizoic
acid
83
250
×
3
×
106 L
4.2
50,000d
0.008
106
d
Iopamidol
68
415
×
6
×
106 L
3.5
83,000d
0.004
106
d
Iopromide
36
250
×
7
×
106 L
1.8
50,000d
0.004
106
d
Iohexol
57
375
×
7
×
106 L
2.9
75,000d
0.004
a
SDWL: safe drinking water level, based on either acceptable daily intake or maximum residue limit
b
I
70
value: amount ingested after 70 years of consumption of 2 L of drinking water per day, with the maximum concentration of the pharmaceutical observed in drinking water
c
Provisional SDWL, based on lowest therapeutic dose and uncertainty factor of 100
d
x-ray contrast medium. The highest dose used is assumed to have no effect
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