Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Upchurch et al. (2002) concluded that the presence of statistically robust
biogeographic patterns suggests that vicariance was not overwhelmed by dispers-
al or extinction, at least during the Middle Jurassic to Middle Cretaceous. The
discovery of four vicariance events (Asia-Pangaea in the Early or Middle Jur-
assic, North America-Gondwana before the “Callovian,” eastern-western Gond-
wana during the “Valanginian,” and Africa-South America in the Early or Middle
Cretaceous) also suggests that vicariance had the major role in determining dino-
saurian biotic evolution.
References
Russell, D. A. 1993. The role of central Asia in dinosaurian biogeography.
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Sampson, S. D., L. M. Witmer, C. A. Foster, D. M. Krause, P. M. O'Connor, P. Dodson,
and F. Ravoavy. 1998. Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: Implica-
tions for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana.
Science
280:1048-1051.
Sereno, P. C. 1997. The origin and evolution of dinosaurs.
Annual Review of Earth and
Planetary Sciences
25:435-489.
Sereno, P. C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs.
Science
284:2137-2147.
Upchurch, P., C. A. Hunn, and D. B. Norman. 2002. An analysis of dinosaurian biogeo-
graphy: Evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused
by geological events.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
269:613-621.
Intraspecific phylogeography studies the principles and processes govern-
ing the geographic distribution of genealogic lineages, especially those with-
in and between closely related species, based on molecular data (Avise
2000; Avise et al. 1987; Lanteri and Confalonieri 2003; Lomolino et al.
2006). The maternal, nonrecombinant mode of inheritance of mitochondrial
DNA(mtDNA)andtherapidevolutionofmtDNAsequencesmakeitpossible
to obtain haplotypes (combinations of alleles at multiple linked loci), which
can be used to obtain intraspecific phylogenetic hypotheses (Crisci et al.
2000). Once the population genetic structure has been assessed on the
basis of mtDNA, it is possible to obtain a network or cladogram of haplo-
types,whichallowsonetoanalyzehistoricalpatternsandtheprocessesthat
have shaped them, such as dispersal, vicariance, range expansion, and col-
onization, sometimes under a statistical framework (Knowles and Maddison
