Testing Relationships Between Biotic Components - Evolutionary Biogeography - page 201

5. Choose the reconstruction that implies the maximum cospeciation and
minimum number of losses and duplications.
Software Component version 2.0 (Page 1993a), TreeMap (Page 1994c),
and TreeFitter version 1.3 (Ronquist 2002). Component version 2.0 allows
users to treat widespread taxa under assumption 1 by not choosing the
option “map widespread associates” (equivalent to assumption 0). Enghoff
(1998) discovered that implementation of assumption 1 occurs only if the
widespread taxon has a terminal position in the cladogram; if it is situated
basally, Component version 2.0 implements assumption 2. Assumption 2
may be applied manually, with the areas involved in the widespread taxon
deleted one at a time (Humphries and Parenti 1999).
Empirical Applications Biondi (1998), Brooks et al. (2003), Contreras-
Medina and Luna-Vega (2002), Crisp et al. (1995), Dowling (2002), Flores
Villela and Goyenechea (2001), Liebherr (1997), Liebherr and Zimmermann
(1998), Linder and Crisp (1995), Miranda-Esquivel (2001), Morrone and
Carpenter (1994), Morrone and Coscarón (1998), Page (1990b, 1994a),
Posadas and Morrone (2003), Sanmartín and Ronquist (2004), Sanmartín
et al. (2007), Siddall and Perkins (2003), Soares and de Carvalho (2005),
Swenson andBremer (1996), Swenson et al. (2001), Upchurchet al. (2002),
van Soest and Hajdu (1997), van Veller et al. (2000), and van Welzen et al.
(2001).
CASE STUDY 5.5 Biogeography of South American Assassin Bugs
(Hemiptera)
In a preliminary biogeographic analysis of the South American species of the sub-
family Peiratinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) using a PAE, Morrone and Coscarón
(1996) postulated that the gradual development of a diagonal of open vegetation
encompassing the Chaco, Cerrado, and Caatinga separated the former Amazoni-
an forest in a northwestern part (Amazonian forest in the strict sense) and another
southeastern (Parana-Atlantic forest). Morrone and Coscarón (1998) carried out
a cladistic biogeographic analysis to test this hypothesis.
The areas of endemism considered in the analysis ( fig. 5.16a ) were the Carib-
bean (CAR) and Amazonian subregions (AMA) and the Coastal Desert (DES),
Chaco (CHA), Cerrado (CER), Caatinga (CAA), Parana (PAR), and Atlantic (ATL)
provinces. Four taxon-area cladograms were obtained on the basis of the taxo-
nomic cladograms of the genera Rasahus, Eidmannia, Melanolestes, and Thym-
breus, replacing their terminal species with the areas they inhabit. Two methods