Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
of antibody-producing, antigen-specii c B cells, owing to the absence of
high levels of clonal selection compared to phage display or hybridoma
method. Several researchers have utilized antibody-bearing B cells derived
from patients infected or immunized with hepatitis B, tetanus antigen,
and inl uenza virus, and auto-immune patients, and has shown a high
titer of plasma auto-antibodies and succeeded in isolating a variety clone
of human mAbs[179-181]. However, it is very dii cult to isolate cancer
antigen-specii c human mAbs from cancer patient B cells, because of the
suppression of antibody production under immune modulated conditions,
and generate few opportunities to obtain B cells from vaccinated patients.
Levels of natural antibodies to auto-antigens, especially phospholipids,
generally increase transiently in the acute phase of most infectious dis-
eases [182, 183]. Based on an advancement of studies, it is widely believed
that natural antibodies is repressing the i rst line of defense against numer-
ous agents which is responsible for infectious diseases, including bacteria,
viruses, and parasites [184-195]. In malaria, component such as glyco-
sylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is been believed to cause numerous of toxic
symptoms associated with malaria as well [196]. Natural antibodies to GPI,
which are mainly short-lived and diversii ed igG3 and lower amounts of
IgG1 such as in an acutely infected patient [197], it is co-related with dis-
ease such as severity and parasitemia [196].On the basis of ei cacy dem-
onstrated in a model infection, though synthetic GPI has been proposed
to candidate antigen for a vaccine for limiting the severity of malaria in the
level detected [198]. Although it is eminently believed that natural anti-
bodies to lipids can have benei cial ef ects, such antibodies in general only
increase transiently, and the levels become very low to control the infection
[194, 195, 199]. h erefore, enhancement of the antibodies by an adjuvant
or adjuvant system has become useful as a benei cial ef ect in vaccines.
7.10 Conclusion
Biomaterials are an exciting and rapidly developing i eld in today's era.
Engineered materials and tools are increasingly used in medical applica-
tions in everyday life such as scaf olds for tissue engineering, replacement
body parts, drug delivery, gene therapy, and biomedical and surgical devices
while the concept and understanding of structure-property relationships in
natural biomaterials and may i nally lead to improved interventions for the
dif erent modes variety of diseases, injuries and health problems. Because
it is highly interdisciplinary i eld involving elements of materials science,
engineering, biology, chemistry and medicine, biomaterials as a general
