Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
emission intensity following irradiation of the photosensitiser (and generation of singlet oxygen). It is noteworthy that irra-
diation did not induce apoptosis or necrosis, suggesting that the rapid reactivity of the Eu
III
complex may actually inhibit
reaction of singlet oxygen with other cell components [77].
12.4
ConCLUsions
Luminescent lanthanide complexes are applicable to a variety of optical imaging applications. The numerous opportunities
afforded through targeted ligand design have demonstrated the wide utility of these complexes from luminescent labels of
tissue to intracellular probes with defined localisation profiles. Perhaps the most intriguing attributes are revealed in the
photophysically responsive nature of Ln
III
complexes (particularly the emission of Eu
III
) toward analytes of biological signif-
icance. Because the long-lived luminescent lifetimes are ideal for time-resolved luminescence microscopy, the application
of lifetime imaging will be invaluable in a noninvasive biological context; combination of these optical attributes with related
gd
III
-based contrast agents clearly has implications to dual modality imaging assessments [78]. All of the examples above
have focused on the imaging ability of visibly emitting Ln
III
ions, but the future development of probes for deeper tissue
imaging requires consideration of the NIR-emitting lanthanides. Because Nd
III
complexes are extremely sensitive to excited
state quenching from C-H, as well as O-H and N-H oscillators, Yb
III
might represent the greatest opportunity for development
in this area: Engineering good emissivity from such complexes is an active area of research. Maximising the efficiency of
energy transfer is a clear objective, whilst inducing fast radiative deactivation of Yb
III
can yield brightly emissive complexes;
elucidating the role of the radiative lifetime may well illuminate further developments in this area [79].
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