What Are the Main Options for Applying the Multiple-Use Water Services Paradigm? - Rethinking Infrastructure Design for Multi-Use Water Services - page 61

Atmosphere Plant. WASP is designed to estimate monthly values of

required irrigation speci

‐ Soil ‐

‐
climate characteristics), composition (planting characteristics) and function of the
urban landscape (type of landscape outcome such as premium lush, moderate green
or low maintenance), corresponding to different climatic years such as wet, dry and
average years (IF Technologies 2013 ).
The previous models are versatile and very ef

c to the environment (soil, macro ‐ climate & micro

cient for the type of applications
they are intended for. However, these models do not offer the holistic approach
required to explore the vision of blue-green services fully. For example, from all
previous models, only UVQ can estimate both the irrigation needs and the portion
of this demand that can be covered by storm water. However, UVQ does not offer a

fixed to 1 day) to simulate the peaks of run-off discharge.
Furthermore, none of these models provides a metric to quantify the mitigation of
the urban heat island effect.
UWOT is a bottom-up (micro-component based) urban water cycle model,
which simulates demand at multiple time steps starting at the water appliance level.
Most urban water models use a hydraulics-based conceptualisation of the urban
water network, simulating actual water

fine time step (time step

flows, including run-off, potable water and
wastewater. UWOT uses an alternative approach based on the generation, aggre-
gation and transmission of a demand signal, starting from the household water
appliances and moving towards the source. The simulation results in the estimation
of: (i) potable water demand, (ii) water level changes inside the tank and reservoirs,
(iii) leakages, (iv) evaporation, (v) run-off, (vi) energy consumption (including both
energy required for water circulation (e.g. pump of rainwater inside tank) and
energy consumed by the water appliances (e.g. heat water for showering) and (vii)
capital and operational costs. More details on UWOT can be found in the publi-
cations of Makropoulos et al. ( 2008 ), Rozos and Makropoulos ( 2012 , 2013 ) and
Rozos et al. ( 2013 ).
UWOT can be used in a wide range of urban water cycle applications repre-
senting any type of urban water network. Like any specialised model, a certain level
of expertise is required to prepare a new UWOT project. To help beginners set up a
new project, a simpli ed GUI was prepared serving as a front end to the UWOT

engine, which runs seamlessly a set of prede ned urban water networks (four

prede ned networks at household level and two at development level). An example

of these prede ned UWOT networks are shown in Fig. 11 . This custom UWOT is

called MUS-Designer.
MUS-Designer can simulate MUS technologies both at household and at
development level. At household level, MUS-Designer simulates the potable water
demand, the evaporative cooling (i.e. the energy absorbed from the environment
during evapotranspiration) and the electric energy consumption of water appliances.
The household water network can be conventional or include Best Available
Technologies Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC) and/or rainwater recy-
cling and/or grey water recycling. The recycled water is used for toilet flushing and

washing machines as well as for garden and green roof irrigation (Fig. 12 ).