Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 5.15
Studies Using the Pearson and Mawby (1967) Softness Parameter (
σ
p
) to
Predict Metal Ion Toxicity
Reference
Test Systems
Metal Ions
Jones and
Vaughn (1978)
Intraperitoneal (ip) LD
50
data in
mice and oral LD
50
data in rats
(Hg
2+
) and mice (Ag
1+
, Au
1+
)
The salts used were the chlorides (Ba, Be, Ca,
Cr, Cs, Fe, H, In, K, La, Li, Mg, Na, Rb, Sc,
Sn, Sr, Y), nitrates (Ag) and sulphates (Al,
Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Tl, Zn),
[Na
3
[Au(S
2
O
3
)
2
]] for the gold ion and
[Pb(OAc)
2
] for lead ion
Williams and
Turner (1981)
Compilation of intraperitoneal (ip)
mouse LD
50
data available in the
literature
Mono, di, and trivalent metal ions: Ag
1+
, Cs
1+
,
K
1+
, Li
1+
, Na
1+
, Rb
1+
, Ba
2+
, Be
2+
, Ca
2+
, Cd
2+
,
Cu
2+
, Co
2+
, Fe
2+
, Mg
2+
, Ni
2+
, Sn
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
,
Al
3+
, Cr
3+
, Fe
3+
, La
3+
, In
3+
, Sc
3+
, Y
3+
Williams et al.
(1982)
14-day ip LD
50
data in mice and
4-day LC
50
data from dietary
exposures to
Drosophila
melanogaster
The salts used were the chlorides of 11 ions
(Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr
and Zn) for
Drosophila melanogaster
and
14 ions (Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mg, Mn,
Ni, Sr, Zn, Pd, Pt and Pb) for mice
Jacobson et al.
(1983)
Dietary exposures of
Drosophila
melanogaster
(4-day LC
50
)
Chloride salts of Ba
2+
, Be
2+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
,
Hg
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
Turner et al.
(1983)
Data from Williams et al.
(1982)
ip injections in mice to estimate
14-day LD
50
values for 8, 11 and
14 divalent cations
8 divalent cations Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
,
Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Zn
2+
11 divalent cations Ba
2+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
,
Hg
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
14 divalent cations Ba
2+
, Be
2+
, Cd
2+
, Co
2+
,
Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Pd
2+
,
Pt
2+
, Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
Tan et al.
(1984)
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
cells to measure 50% reduction
in cloning efficiency (CE
50
)
11 divalent cations; except for berillium
(BeSO
4
) and palladium (K
2
PdCl
4
) ions,
Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
,
Sr
2+
, Zn
2+
were chloride salts
Turner et al.
(1985)
Data fromWilliams et al.
(1982) ip
injections in mice to estimate
14-day LD
50
values
8 divalent cations Cd
2+
, Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
,
Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Zn
2+
Babich et al.
(1986)
Bluegill (BF-2) cell cultures to
measure reduction of uptake of
neutral red dye by 50% (NR
50
)
9 metal ions: Chloride salts of Cd
2+
, Co
2+
,
Cu
2+
, Hg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Sn
2+
, Zn
2+
and nitrate
salt of Pb
2+
Khangarot and
Ray (1989)
48-hr tests with
Daphnia magna
to measure EC
50
values based on
immobilization
17 metal ions; not specified which ones
Segner et al.
(1994)
Rainbow trout cell cultures (R-1)
to measure reduction of uptake
of neutral red dye by 50% (NR
50
)
6 divalent metal ions: Chloride salts of Cd
2+
,
Hg
2+
, Ni
2+
, Zn
2+
, nitrate salt of Pb
2+
sulfate
salt of Cu
2+
Magwood and
George (1996)
Turbot (TF) cell cultures to
measure reduction of uptake of
neutral red dye by 50% (NR
50
)
7 divalent metal ions: Chloride salts of Cd
2+
,
Co
2+
, Cu
2+
, Mn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
, Zn
2+
