Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
.unl.edu/essays/schwartzessay.php (9 July
2009); “Rail Transport, Agrarian Crisis,
and the Restructuring of Agriculture:
France and Great Britain Confront Global-
ization, 1860-1900,”
Social Science History
34 (2010): 229-55; and “Spatial History:
Railways, Uneven Development, and a
Crisis of Globalization in France and Great
Britain,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary His-
tory
62 (2011): 53-88 with coauthors I. N.
Gregory and T. Thevenin.
16. A brief introduction to the subject
is P. A. Coclanis, “Back to the Future:
The Globalization of Agriculture in His-
torical Context,”
SAIS Review
23 (2003):
71-84. For Britain, see Collins, “The Great
Depression.” For France, see J. Lhom-
me, “La crise agricole à la fin du XIX
e
siècle en France: Essai d'interprétation
économique et sociale,”
Revue Économique
21 (1970): 521-53. For a comparative per-
spective, see Koning,
Failure of Agrarian
Capitalism;
Trac y,
Government and Ag-
riculture;
and O'Rourke, “he European
Grain Invasion.”
17. M. Rothstein, “America in the In-
ternational R ivalry for the British W heat
Market, 1860-1914,”
Mississippi Valley
Historical Review
47 (1960): 401-18; H. J.
Carman, “English Views of Middle West-
ern Agriculture, 1850-1870,”
Agricultural
History
8 (1934): 3-19.
18. G. E. Fussel, “The Collection of
Agricultural Statistics in Great Britain: Its
Origin and Evolution,”
Agricultural His-
tory
18 (1944): 161-67.
19. Quoted in Carman, “English
Views,” 4.
20. “Supplementary report by Mr. John
Clay, Jun., on American Agriculture,
showing its influence on that of Great Brit-
ain,” 705-18, Royal Commission on Ag-
riculture, Reports of the Assistant Com-
missioners, Southern District of England,
“Report by Mr. Litle on Devon, Cornwall,
Dorset and Somerset, (with summary of
previous reports.),” British Parliamentary
Papers, Command Papers: Reports of
Commissioners T2 (London, 1882), htp://
gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver
=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:hcpp-us
&rt_dat=xri:hcpp:rec:1882-058159,
htp://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url
_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:hcpp-us
&rt_dat=xri:hcpp:fulltext:1882-
, 058159.
21. Rothstein, “America,” 412-16.
22. Ministry of Agriculture,
Exposition
universelle, Paris, 1889, Rapports du jury
international, Groupe VIII, Agriculture, vi-
ticulture et pisciculture
(Paris: Imprimerie
nationale, 1892), 99. The figure on Ameri-
can railroads in 1890 seems to be the figure
for 1885, according to a later compilation
by the US publication. See Association
of American Railroads and Bureau of
Railway Economics,
Comparative Railway
Statistics of the United States, the United
Kingdom, France and Germany for 1900 and
1909
(Washington, D.C., 1911).
23. In kilometers, 38,000 and 30,000,
respectively. Figures for Britain and
France are from J. Simmons,
The Railway
in England and Wales, 1830-1914
(Leices-
ter: Leicester University Press, 1978), app.
2; Ministère des Travaux Public,
Statis-
tique centrale des chemins de ferres français
au 31 décembre 1932.
24. F. Caron,
Histoire des chemins de fer
en France, 1740-1883
(Paris: Fayard, 1997),
86, 361-70; Y. Gonjo, “Le 'Plan Freycinet,'
1878-1882: Un aspect de la 'Grande Dé-
pression' économique en France,”
Revue
Historique
248 (1972): 49-86.
25. The GIS databases we used for this
article are described in the acknowledg-
ments for this chapter.
26. R ider Haggard,
Rural England
(London, 1922), 1:511, cited by J. T. Cop-
pock, “Agricultural Changes in the Chil-
terns 1875-1900,”
Agricultural History
Review
10 (1961): 16.
27. The figures should be taken as es-
timates of orders of magnitude. Worked
up for presentation at the International
