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gazeteer data models as in the DGSD is one way to integrate temporal
and spatial reasoning. Using spatial analysis to evaluate the relative sig-
nificance of catastrophic events and long-term processes, as in the Yellow
River experiment, is another.
Notes
1. In spite of a sustained interest in
historical gazeteers organized by admin-
istrative units, the field of historical GIS
has not notably considered the spatial
history of state power as a research topic.
The administrative units of historical
gazeteers have more oten been used as
containers for census data and as the basis
for demographic analysis.
2. This and all other claims about the
Song political landscape in this essay are
derived from our Digital Gazeteer of the
Song Dynasty, vol. 1.1 (2010), htp://song
gis.ucmercedlibrary.info.
3. See, for instance, R . Hartwell,
“Demographic, Political and Social Trans-
formations of China, 750-1550,”
Har-
vard Journal of Asiatic Studies
42 (1982):
365-442.
4. H. Wright,
An Alphabetical List of
Geographical Names in Sung China
(A l-
bany, N.Y.: Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies,
19 9 2).
5. China HGIS, htp://www.fas.har-
vard.edu/~chgis; Chinese Civilization in
Time and Space Project, htp://ccts.sinica
.edu.tw; Robert Hartwell China Histori-
cal Studies GIS, htp://www.fas.harvard
.edu/~chgis/data/hartwell.
6. For additional details about the cre-
ation of the DGSD and the ingest of point
locations from related GIS projects, please
consult the DGSD website.
7. For an excellent review of the his-
tory of this term, see A. K. Knowles,
“GIS and History,” in
Placing History:
How Maps, Spatial Data and GIS Are
Changing Historical Scholarship,
ed. A. K.
Knowles (Redlands, Calif.: ESR I Press,
2 0 0 8), 1- 25 .
8. In an earlier article on this topic,
Mostern discussed the possibilities for
event-based spatial history modeling. See
R . Mostern and I. Johnson, “From Named
Place to Naming Event: Creating Gazet-
teers for History,”
International Journal of
Geographic Information Science
22 (2008):
1091-1108.
9. V. Kantabutra, J. B. Owens, D. P.
Ames, C. N. Burns, and B. Stephenson,
“Using the Newly-Created ILE DBMS to
Beter Represent Temporal and Historical
GIS Data,”
Transactions in GIS
14 (2010):
39-58. The DGSD is not a fully realized ex-
ample of Kantabutra and Owens's Inten-
tionally Linked Entity model. Neverthe-
less, the intention of the DGSD is similar
to the ILE.
10. L. Hill,
Georeferencing: The Geo-
graphic Associations of Information
(C a m -
bridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006).
11. For a review of historical gazeteer
data models, see Kantabutra et al., “Using
the Newly-Created ILE DBMS”; and also
M. L. Berman, “Modeling and Visualizing
Historical Gazeteer Data” (2009), htp://
www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/docs
/papers/CGA_Wkshp2009_Lex_9apr09
.pdf.
12. The China Historical GIS (CHGIS)
maintains multiple change events and at-
tributes in its main entity table, recording
multiple historical instances as multiple
entities. It uses a “part of ” table to link
