Ecotoxicology of Manufactured Nanoparticles - Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology - page 274

Table 7.1 Summary of particle uptake studies.

Nanoparticle Organism Target Organ Evidence Ref

Bacteria

MgO Escherichia coli

Bacillus subtilis

Membrane Atomic Force Microscopy used to show membrane on contact with haloge-

nated adducts of MgO nanoparticle. TEM images confi rm damage and
leajkage of cell contents.

Stoimenov,
et al. , 2002

SWCNT Escherichia coli Membrane Fluorescent dyes (PI and DAPI) show increased membrane permeability in

cells in direct contact with SWCNT. Physical damage to the membrane and
leakage of cell contents is proposed as the antibacterial mechanism.

Kang et al. , 2007

MgO Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus
aureus

Whole Cell Makhluf et al. ,

2005

TEM shows ultrastructural changes on exposure to 8 1 nm

particles. Electron dense intracellular areas observed for MgO nanoparticle
treated cells. Elevated intracellular Mg confi rmed using X-ray microanalysis.

± 1 and 11 ±

ZnO Escherichia coli Whole cell TEM reveal electron dense areas in the cytoplasm. No elemental analysis. Brayner et al. ,

2006

CdSe/Cd/Se/
ZnS

Escherichia coli
Bacillus subtilis

Whole cell TEM, fl uorescence spectroscopy show adenine- conjugated QDs 5 nm are

internalised. EDS used to confi rm intracellular Cd and Se concentrations.

< Kloepfer et al. ,

2005

Ag Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

Whole cell Localised surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (LSPRS) and dark-fi eld

optical microscopy used to show particles up to 80 nm transporting in and
out of cells. TEM images confi rm electron dense areas in the cytoplasm.

Xu et al. , 2004

Ag Escherichia coli Whole cell TEM images showing electron dense intracellular areas. EDS elemental

mapping confi rms Ag distribution throughout the cell. 1-10 nm particles
interact preferentially with the cell.

Morones et al. ,
2005

Daphnids

SWCNT Daphnia magna Gut Rapid (45 min) ingestion and presence of lipid-coated SWCNT in the gut track

observed on time-course micrographs.

Roberts et al. ,
2007

Fish

Cu Danio rerio Gill Histopathological analyses reveal damage to gill lamellae by proliferation of

epithelial cells and oedema of gill fi laments. Unclear if effects mediated by
particle uptake.

Griffi tt et al. ,
2007

Ag Danio rerio 8-cell

embryo

Single silver nanoparticles moved across the chorion and made their way into
the inner mass of the embryo. The single silver nanoparticles were retained
by the embryo as it matured into the adult and were found embedded in
different tissues including the retina, brain, heart, gill arches and tail.

Lee et al. , 2007b

SWCNT Oncorhynchus

mykiss

Gill
Gut

Histopathological changes to the gill and gut and liver. Aggregated SWCNTs
observed in the gut lumen.

Smith et al. ,
2007