Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
process.are.major.hurdles.particularly.for.horticultural.crops.because.of.small.mar-
ket.and.limited.hectarage.that.could.limit.the.potential.for.recovery.of.production.
costs. or. developing. countries. could. simply. not. afford.. Market. reluctance. partic-
ularly. by. actors. in. the. supply. chain. (food. manufacturers,. processors,. and. retail-
ers). also. presents. an. enormous. challenge.even.in. transgenic. crops. that. have.been.
approved.for.market.release.due.to.worries.about.consumer.acceptance.and.higher.
cost. and. potential. for. liability. associated. with. identity. preservation. and. product.
stewardship.
46
In.this.section,.we. discuss.our.own.experiences.and.the.lessons.we. learned. in.
dealing.with.many.of.the.barriers.similar.to.the.ones.described.above,.in.the.course.
of.pursuing.the.development.and.commercialization.of.two.important.horticultural.
crops. in. the. region—the. transgenic. fruit. and. shoot. borer-resistant. eggplant.
(Bt. eggplant).in.South.and.Southeast.Asia.and.the.papaya.ringspot.virus.(PRSV).
resistant.papaya.in.Southeast.Asia..We.hope.that.by.sharing.these.experiences,.we.
can.contribute.by.sharing.knowledge.on.and.insights.into.some.approaches.adopted.
by. a. developing. country's. national. R&D. programs. to. address. or. overcome. the.
identiied.constraints.to.biotech.crop.development.and.deployment..Table.7.4.sum-
marizes.the.identiied.principal.barriers.to.biotech.crop.development.and.deploy-
ment.of.Bt.eggplant.and.PRSV-R.papaya.and.some.of.the.approaches.that.the.two.
regional. projects. adopted. to. address. the. speciic. constraints. as. discussed. in. the.
succeeding.sections.below.
d
evelopment
of
t
ranSGenIc
prSv-r
eSIStant
p
apaya
for
S
outheaSt
a
SIa
The.development.of.the.transgenic.PRSV.resistant.papaya.was.undertaken.through.
the.Papaya.Biotechnology.Network.of.Southeast.Asia.(the.Network)..The.Network.
was. established. in. 1998. with. the. assistance. of. the. International. Service. for. the.
Acquisition. of. Agri-biotech. Applications. (ISAAA). with. funding. support. from. the.
governments.of.the.ive.member.countries.and.other.public.and.private.sector.donors.
An.early.consultation.and.planning.process.among.the.ive.countries.of.Southeast.
Asia—Indonesia,.Malaysia,.Philippines,.Thailand,.and.Vietnam—made.possible.the.
exchange.of.research.updates.and.strategies.among.the.ive.countries.and.identiied.
common. constraints. and. opportunities.. It. became. evident. during. the. consultation.
process.that.it.would.be.highly.beneicial.to.establish.partnerships.among.the.countries.
to.enable.a.regional.collaboration.that.would.capitalize.on.their.respective.strengths.
and. build. a. regional. critical. mass. of. expertise. that. would. otherwise. take. time. to.
develop.in.each.individual.country.
The. network. requested. and. designated. Malaysia. Agricultural. Research. and.
Development.Institute.and.Thailand.(National.Center.for.Genetic.Engineering.and.
Biotechnology.and.Kasetsart.University).to.serve.as.the.two.regional.hubs..Malaysia.
and. Thailand,. which.were.the. furthest.advanced. in.the. development.of. transgenic.
papaya,.provide.advanced.technical.assistance.and.training.support.to.other.mem-
bers.of.the.network.in.molecular.virology,.tissue.culture.and.transformation,.molecu-
lar.analyses,.among.others.
Among.the.early.identiied.common.constraints.were:.(1).intellectual.property.
restrictions. to. research. and. development. tools,. (2). technical. skill. limitations,.
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