Transgenic Horticultural Crops in Asia - Transgenic Horticultural Crops: Challenges and Opportunities - page 165

AB 9%

DR 11%

VR 31%

OO 6%

SL 6%

IR 20%

QI 11%

FR 6%

FIGURE 7.3 (See color insert.) .Total.events.distributed.by.traits..AB, abiotic.stresses;.DR,.
disease. resistance. including. bacterial. resistance;. FR,. fungal. resistance;. IR,. insect. resistance;.
OO,.others;.QI,.quality.improvement;.SL,.shelf.life;.VR,.virus.resistance.

seems. to. be. certain. is. that. transgenic. horticultural. crops. will. become. widespread.
in.China.and.India,.with.high.potential.to.be.spread.in.their.neighboring.countries.
considering. their. physical. proximity. and. the. nature. and. size. of. trade. among. the.
countries.in.the.region.

DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF TRANSGENIC
HORTICULTURAL CROPS: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS
LEARNED FROM SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The.development.pipeline.of.transgenic.crops.from.discovery.to.commercialization.
could.be.a.long,.demanding,.and.expensive.undertaking..Depending.on.the.crop.and/
or.trait,.it.has.been.estimated.that.it.would.take.between.7.and.15.years.at.an.esti-
mated.cost.ranging.from.hundreds.of.thousand.to.millions.of.dollars.to.successfully.
bring.to.market.a.transgenic.crop..A.number.of.published.papers.have.identiied.the.
possible. barriers. which. limit. the. successful. development. and. commercialization.
of. transgenic. crops,. including. horticultural. crops. in. the. United. States 16,17,31,46 . and.
in.developing.countries. 36,47 .These.potential.barriers.fall.mainly.into.the.following.
categories:. (1). technical/technology,. (2). intellectual. property. rights. and. freedom.
to.operate,.(3).regulation,.(4).market.considerations,.and.(5) .consumer.acceptance..
Technical/technology. barriers. include. challenges. in. developing. eficient. transfor-
mation. procedures. and. designing. vector. constructs,. choosing. the. crop. and. trait,.
designing.critical.product.concept,.and.trait.eficacy.in.the.ield..Intellectual.property.
protection.and.lack.of.freedom.to.operate.present.hurdles.in.accessing.proprietary.
technologies. that. are. owned. mostly. by. the. private. sector. and. concerns. on. poten-
tial.for.liability.claims.associated.with.unwanted.transgenes.(low.level.presence).in.
local.crops. 42 .The.high.cost.of.compliance.and.uncertainties.in.regulatory.approval.